{"id":6068,"date":"2018-11-03T04:39:49","date_gmt":"2018-11-03T02:39:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/?page_id=6068"},"modified":"2018-11-03T05:32:40","modified_gmt":"2018-11-03T03:32:40","slug":"germaine-de-stael","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/germaine-de-stael\/","title":{"rendered":"Germaine de Sta\u00ebl"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/11\/Madame_de_Sta%C3%ABl.jpg\/200px-Madame_de_Sta%C3%ABl.jpg\" alt=\"Madame de Sta\u00c3\u00abl.jpg\">Anne Louise Germaine de Sta\u00ebl-Holstein<\/b>&nbsp;(<small>French:&nbsp;<\/small><span class=\"IPA\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\"><a title=\"Help:IPA\/French\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/French\">[stal]<\/a><\/span>; n\u00e9e&nbsp;<b>Necker<\/b>; 22 April 1766&nbsp;\u2013 14 July 1817), commonly known as&nbsp;<b>Madame de Sta\u00ebl<\/b>, was a French woman of letters of&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Republic of Geneva\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Geneva\">Genevan<\/a>&nbsp;origin<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;whose lifetime overlapped with the events of the&nbsp;<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolution\">French Revolution<\/a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a title=\"Napoleonic era\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Napoleonic_era\">Napoleonic era<\/a>. For many years she lived as an exile under the&nbsp;<a title=\"Reign of Terror\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reign_of_Terror\">Reign of Terror<\/a>&nbsp;and under Napoleonic persecution. Known as a witty and brilliant conversationalist, often dressed in flashy and revealing outfits, she participated actively in the political and intellectual life of her times. She was present at the first opening of the&nbsp;<a title=\"Estates General (France)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estates_General_(France)\">Estates General<\/a>&nbsp;and at the&nbsp;<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen\">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-bordoni2005-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Her intellectual collaboration with&nbsp;<a title=\"Benjamin Constant\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benjamin_Constant\">Benjamin Constant<\/a>&nbsp;between 1795 and 1811 made them one of the most celebrated intellectual couples of their time. They discovered sooner than others the tyrannical character and designs of Napoleon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In 1814 one of her contemporaries observed that &#8220;there are three great powers struggling against Napoleon for the soul of Europe: England, Russia, and Madame de Sta\u00ebl&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Her works, both novels and&nbsp;<a title=\"Travel literature\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travel_literature\">travel literature<\/a>, with emphasis on passion, individuality and oppositional politics made their mark on European&nbsp;<a title=\"Romanticism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanticism\">Romanticism<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\">\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2>Contents<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Childhood\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Childhood<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Marriage\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Marriage<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Revolutionary_activities\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Revolutionary activities<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Salons_at_Coppet_and_Paris\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Salons at Coppet and Paris<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Conflict_with_Napoleon\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Conflict with Napoleon<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#German_travels\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">German travels<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Eastern_Europe\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Eastern Europe<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Restoration\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Restoration<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Offspring\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Offspring<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#In_popular_culture\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">In popular culture<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Works\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">11&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Works<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#See_also\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">12&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">See also<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">13&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">References<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#Sources\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">14&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Carmontelle_-_Germaine_Necker.JPG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Carmontelle_-_Germaine_Necker.JPG\/200px-Carmontelle_-_Germaine_Necker.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"260\" data-file-width=\"305\" data-file-height=\"397\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Germaine Necker by&nbsp;Carmontelle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<p>Germaine (or&nbsp;<i>Minette<\/i>) was the only child of the prominent Genevan banker and statesman&nbsp;<a title=\"Jacques Necker\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Necker\">Jacques Necker<\/a>, who was the&nbsp;<a title=\"List of Finance Ministers of France\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_France\">Director-General of Finance<\/a>&nbsp;under King&nbsp;<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_XVI_of_France\">Louis XVI of France<\/a>. Her mother was&nbsp;<a title=\"Suzanne Curchod\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suzanne_Curchod\">Suzanne Curchod<\/a>, also of Swiss birth, who hosted in&nbsp;<a title=\"Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rue_de_la_Chauss%C3%A9e-d%27Antin\">Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d&#8217;Antin<\/a>&nbsp;one of the most popular&nbsp;<a title=\"Salon (gathering)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salon_(gathering)\">salons<\/a>&nbsp;of Paris.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911750_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911750-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Mme Necker wanted to educate her daughter according to the principles of&nbsp;<a title=\"Jean-Jacques Rousseau\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau\">Jean-Jacques Rousseau<\/a>and to endow her with the intellectual education and&nbsp;<a title=\"Calvinism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calvinism\">Calvinist<\/a>&nbsp;discipline instilled in her by her pastor father.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;On Friday she habitually brought Germaine as a young child to sit at her feet in her salon, where the guests took pleasure in stimulating the brilliant child.<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;At the age of thirteen, she read Montesquieu, Shakespeare, Rousseau and Dante.<sup id=\"cite_ref-swisscastles1_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-swisscastles1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;This exposure occasioned a nervous breakdown in adolescence, but the seeds of a literary vocation had been sown.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Her father &#8220;&#8230; is remembered today for taking the unprecedented step in 1781 of making public the country\u2019s budget, a novelty in an&nbsp;<a title=\"Absolute monarchy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Absolute_monarchy\">absolute monarchy<\/a>&nbsp;where the state of finances had always been kept a secret.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-libertyfund1_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-libertyfund1-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Leading to his dismissal in May, the family eventually took up residence in 1784 at&nbsp;<a title=\"Coppet Castle\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coppet_Castle\">Ch\u00e2teau Coppet<\/a>, an estate her father purchased on&nbsp;<a title=\"Lake Geneva\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Geneva\">Lake Geneva<\/a>. The family returned to the Paris region in 1785, and Mlle Necker continued to write miscellaneous works, including the three-act romantic drama&nbsp;<i>Sophie<\/i>&nbsp;(1786) and the five-act tragedy,&nbsp;<i>Jeanne Grey<\/i>&nbsp;(1787).<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Marriage\" class=\"mw-headline\">Marriage<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_42.JPG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/71\/Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_42.JPG\/200px-Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_42.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" data-file-width=\"2592\" data-file-height=\"3888\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Swedish Embassy, H\u00f4tel de S\u00e9gur, later H\u00f4tel de Salm-Dyck<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">At the age of eleven, Germaine proposed to marry&nbsp;<a title=\"Edward Gibbon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Gibbon\">Edward Gibbon<\/a>, who was fancied by her mother. Then he would always be around for her.<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In 1783, she was courted by&nbsp;<a title=\"William Pitt the Younger\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Pitt_the_Younger\">William Pitt the Younger<\/a>&nbsp;and by the&nbsp;<a title=\"Fop\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fop\">fop<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Antoine_Hippolyte,_Comte_de_Guibert\">Comte de Guibert<\/a>, whose conversation, she thought, was the most far-ranging, spirited and fertile she had ever known.<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;When she did not accept their offers Germaine&#8217;s parents became impatient. Finally, a marriage was arranged with Baron&nbsp;<a title=\"Erik Magnus Sta\u00ebl von Holstein\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erik_Magnus_Sta%C3%ABl_von_Holstein\">Erik Magnus Sta\u00ebl von Holstein<\/a>, an attach\u00e9 of the&nbsp;<a title=\"Embassy of Sweden, Paris\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embassy_of_Sweden,_Paris\">Swedish legation to France<\/a>. It took place on 14 January 1786 in the Swedish embassy at 97,&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rue du Bac\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rue_du_Bac\">Rue du Bac<\/a>; Germaine was 20, her husband 37. On the whole, the marriage seems to have been acceptable to both parties, although neither seems to have had any or little affection for the other. The baron, a gambler, obtained great benefits as he received 80,000&nbsp;<a title=\"French livre\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_livre\">pounds<\/a>&nbsp;and was confirmed as lifetime ambassador to Paris, although his wife was almost certainly the more effective envoy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Revolutionary_activities\" class=\"mw-headline\">Revolutionary activities<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Estatesgeneral.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/91\/Estatesgeneral.jpg\/200px-Estatesgeneral.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"126\" data-file-width=\"5132\" data-file-height=\"3226\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On 4 and 5 May 1789 Germaine joined the meetings of the&nbsp;Estates-General&nbsp;in Versailles, where she met with the young&nbsp;Mathieu de Montmorency.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<p>In 1788, she published&nbsp;<i>Letters on the works and character of J.J. Rousseau<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In this fervid&nbsp;<a title=\"Panegyric\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panegyric\">panegyric<\/a>, at first written for a limited number of friends (in which she accused his housekeeper&nbsp;<a title=\"Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Levasseur\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Levasseur\">Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Levasseur<\/a>&nbsp;of having been unfaithful), she demonstrated evident talent, but little in the way of critical discernment. De Sta\u00ebl was at this time enthusiastic about a mixture of Rousseau&#8217;s ideas about love and&nbsp;<a title=\"Montesquieu\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montesquieu\">Montesquieu<\/a>&nbsp;in politics. In December 1788 her father instigated the king to double the number of deputies from the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Third Estate\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_Estate\">Third Estate<\/a>. In an argument with the king, who could not accept the new situation, Necker was dismissed and exiled on 11 July. On Sunday, 12 July the news became public and an angry&nbsp;<a title=\"Camille Desmoulins\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camille_Desmoulins\">Camille Desmoulins<\/a>&nbsp;suggested the&nbsp;<a title=\"Storming of the Bastille\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Storming_of_the_Bastille\">storming of the Bastille<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;On 16 July he was reappointed. His efforts to clean up public finances were unsuccessful and his idea of a National Bank and introducing&nbsp;<a title=\"Assignat\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assignat\">assignats<\/a>failed. Necker was attacked by&nbsp;<a title=\"Jean-Paul Marat\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Paul_Marat\">Jean-Paul Marat<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Count Mirabeau\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Count_Mirabeau\">Count Mirabeau<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;He resigned on 4 September 1790. Accompanied by their son-in-law, her parents left for Switzerland. Necker lost half his fortune, invested in the public treasury.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<p><a class=\"image\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Siege_et_prise_du_Chateau_des_Tuileries_cph.3b49398.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Siege_et_prise_du_Chateau_des_Tuileries_cph.3b49398.jpg\/200px-Siege_et_prise_du_Chateau_des_Tuileries_cph.3b49398.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"160\" data-file-width=\"1528\" data-file-height=\"1226\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">&#8220;Dix Ao\u00fbt 1792. Siege et prise du Chateau des Tuileries&#8221;: French soldiers and citizens storming the Tuileries to get the royal family and end the monarchy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The increasing disturbances caused by the Revolution made her privileges as the consort of an ambassador very important safeguards. Germaine held a salon in the Swedish embassy, where she gave &#8220;coalition dinners&#8221;, that was frequented by moderates as&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Talleyrand\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talleyrand\">Talleyrand<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a title=\"Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis,_comte_de_Narbonne-Lara\">De Narbonne<\/a>, monarchists (<a title=\"Feuillant (political group)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feuillant_(political_group)\">Feuillants<\/a>) as&nbsp;<a title=\"Antoine Barnave\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antoine_Barnave\">Antoine Barnave<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Charles Malo Fran\u00e7ois Lameth\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth\">Charles Lameth<\/a>&nbsp;and his brothers&nbsp;<a title=\"Alexandre-Th\u00e9odore-Victor, comte de Lameth\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth\">Alexandre<\/a>&nbsp;and Th\u00e9odore, the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stanislas Marie Adelaide, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanislas_Marie_Adelaide,_comte_de_Clermont-Tonnerre\">Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Pierre Victor, baron Malouet\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Victor,_baron_Malouet\">Pierre Victor, baron Malouet<\/a>, the poet&nbsp;<a title=\"Jacques Delille\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Delille\">Abb\u00e9 Delille<\/a>, Thomas Jefferson, the one-legged&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Minister Plenipotentiary\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_Plenipotentiary\">Minister Plenipotentiary<\/a>&nbsp;to France&nbsp;<a title=\"Gouverneur Morris\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gouverneur_Morris\">Gouverneur Morris<\/a>, the leftish&nbsp;<a title=\"Paul Barras\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Barras\">Paul Barras<\/a>&nbsp;and the radical&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Condorcet\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Condorcet\">Condorcets<\/a>. &#8220;The issue of leadership, or rather lack of it, was central to Sta\u00ebl&#8217;s preoccupations at this stage of her political reflection. The death of&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Comte de Mirabeau\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comte_de_Mirabeau\">Comte de Mirabeau<\/a>, a royalist, she experienced as a sign of great political disorientation and uncertainty. He was the only man with necessary charisma, energy, and prestige to keep revolutionary movement on the path of&nbsp;<a title=\"Constitutionalism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitutionalism\">constitutional reform<\/a>.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>After the&nbsp;<a title=\"French legislative election, 1791\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_legislative_election,_1791\">French legislative election, 1791<\/a>&nbsp;was held, and the&nbsp;<a title=\"French Constitution of 1791\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Constitution_of_1791\">French Constitution of 1791<\/a>&nbsp;was announced in the&nbsp;<a title=\"National Assembly (French Revolution)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)\">National Assembly<\/a>, she resigned from a political career and decided not to be re-eligible. &#8220;Fine arts and letters will occupy my leisure.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Though, in the succession of&nbsp;<a title=\"Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin\">Comte de Montmorin<\/a>&nbsp;the&nbsp;<a title=\"Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs#Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(1791%E2%80%932007)\">Minister of Foreign Affairs<\/a>, and the appointment of Narbonne as&nbsp;<a title=\"Minister of the Armed Forces (France)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)#From_1791_to_the_French_Consulate:_Minister_of_War\">minister of War<\/a>&nbsp;she played an important role and became the center of the stage.<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<a title=\"Marie Antoinette\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marie_Antoinette\">Marie Antoinette<\/a>&nbsp;wrote to&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hans Axel Fersen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Axel_Fersen\">Hans Axel Fersen<\/a>: &#8220;Count Louis de Narbonne is finally Minister of War, since yesterday; what a glory for Mme de Sta\u00ebl and what a joy for her to have the whole army, all to herself.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>In the year 1792 the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Legislative Assembly (France)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legislative_Assembly_(France)\">French Legislative Assembly<\/a>&nbsp;saw an unprecedented turnover of ministers,&nbsp;<a title=\"List of Interior Ministers of France\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Interior_Ministers_of_France\">six ministers of the interior<\/a>,&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)\">seven ministers of foreign affairs<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a title=\"Minister of the Armed Forces (France)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)\">nine ministers of war<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;On&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"10 August (French Revolution)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/10_August_(French_Revolution)\">10 August 1792<\/a>&nbsp;Clermont-Tonnere was thrown out of a window at the Louvre and trampled to death. De Sta\u00ebl offered Malouet a plan to escape for the royal family.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;She helped De Narbonne, dismissed for plotting, to hide under the altar in the chapel of the Swedish embassy, and then lectured the&nbsp;<a title=\"Sans-culottes\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sans-culottes\">sans-culottes<\/a>&nbsp;in the hall.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-swisscastles1_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-swisscastles1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>On Sunday 2 September, the day the&nbsp;<a title=\"French National Convention election, 1792\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_National_Convention_election,_1792\">Elections for the National Convention<\/a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"September massacres\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/September_massacres\">September massacres<\/a>&nbsp;began, she fled her self in the style of an ambassadress. Her carriage was stopped and the crowd forced her to go to the&nbsp;<a title=\"H\u00f4tel de Ville, Paris\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris\">Paris town hall<\/a>, where&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Robespierre\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robespierre\">Robespierre<\/a>presided.<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Robespierre, as well as Marat were militant members of the Insurrectionary Commune who had got from the provisional, executive council, as there was no government &#8220;&#8230; extensive police powers to detain, interrogate and incarcerate suspects without anything resembling due process of law.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In the evening she was conveyed home, escorted by the procurator&nbsp;<a title=\"Louis Pierre Manuel\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Pierre_Manuel\">Louis Pierre Manuel<\/a>. The next day the commissioner to the&nbsp;<a title=\"Paris Commune (French Revolution)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)\">Commune of Paris<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Jean-Lambert Tallien\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Lambert_Tallien\">Jean-Lambert Tallien<\/a>&nbsp;arrived with a new passport and accompanied to the&nbsp;<a title=\"Barricade\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barricade\">barrier<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Salons_at_Coppet_and_Paris\" class=\"mw-headline\">Salons at Coppet and Paris<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Juniper_Hall_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397178.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Juniper_Hall_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397178.jpg\/200px-Juniper_Hall_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397178.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Juniper_Hall_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397178.jpg\/300px-Juniper_Hall_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397178.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Juniper_Hall_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397178.jpg\/400px-Juniper_Hall_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397178.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Juniper Hall Plaque - geograph.org.uk - 1397178.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"480\"><\/a>After her flight from Paris Germaine moved to&nbsp;<a title=\"Rolle\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolle\">Rolle<\/a>&nbsp;where Albert was born. She was surrounded by De Montmorency and the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Arnail Fran\u00e7ois, Marquis de Jaucourt\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arnail_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Marquis_de_Jaucourt\">Marquis de Jaucourt<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-google1_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-google1-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In January 1793, she made a four months visit to England to live with her lover, the&nbsp;<a title=\"Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis,_comte_de_Narbonne-Lara\">Comte de Narbonne<\/a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a title=\"Juniper Hall\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juniper_Hall\">Juniper Hall<\/a>. (Since 1 February France and Great Britain were at war.) Within a few weeks she got pregnant, apparently one of the reasons she caused a scandal in England. According to&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fanny Burney\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fanny_Burney\">Fanny Burney<\/a>&nbsp;her&nbsp;<a title=\"Charles Burney\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Burney\">father<\/a>&nbsp;urged his daughter to avoid De Sta\u00ebl and the group of French&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u00c9migre\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89migre\">\u00c9migres<\/a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a title=\"Surrey\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surrey\">Surrey<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-bordoni2005-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;She met with&nbsp;<a title=\"Horace Walpole\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horace_Walpole\">Horace Walpole<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"James Mackintosh\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Mackintosh\">James Mackintosh<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"John Baker Holroyd, 1st Earl of Sheffield\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Baker_Holroyd,_1st_Earl_of_Sheffield\">Lord Sheffield<\/a>, a friend of Edward Gibbon, and&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lord Loughborough\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lord_Loughborough\">Lord Loughborough<\/a>, the new&nbsp;<a title=\"Lord Chancellor\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lord_Chancellor\">Lord Chancellor<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-bordoni2005-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;De Sta\u00ebl was not favourably impressed by the conditions of women in English society.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-bordoni2005-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Personal freedom was evidently as important to her as abstract political liberties.<sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Coppet_(2).jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Coppet_%282%29.jpg\/200px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Coppet_%282%29.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" data-file-width=\"3648\" data-file-height=\"2736\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ch\u00e2teau de Coppet near&nbsp;Nyon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the summer of 1793, she returned to Coppet Castle perhaps while De Narbonne stopped loving her. She wrote a biased depiction of the character of&nbsp;<a title=\"Marie Antoinette\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marie_Antoinette\">queen<\/a>, named &#8220;Reflections on the Trial&#8221;. For De Sta\u00ebl France had to follow England&#8217;s example from absolute to limited royalty.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Living in&nbsp;<a title=\"Jouxtens-M\u00e9zery\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jouxtens-M%C3%A9zery\">Jouxtens-M\u00e9zery<\/a>, Germaine was visited by&nbsp;<a title=\"Adolph Ribbing\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolph_Ribbing\">Adolph Ribbing<\/a>&nbsp;in July 1793.<sup id=\"cite_ref-swisscastles1_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-swisscastles1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-google1_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-google1-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Count Ribbing was living in exile, after being sentenced for taking part in a conspiracy to murder the Swedish king&nbsp;<a title=\"Gustav III of Sweden\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gustav_III_of_Sweden#Assassination\">Gustav III<\/a>. At the same time Germaine helped several monarchists to escape from France. Late 1793 her parents moved to&nbsp;<a title=\"Beaulieu Castle\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beaulieu_Castle\">Beaulieu Castle<\/a>. In September 1794 she was visited by the divorced Benjamin Constant. In May 1795 she moved with her new &#8220;colleague&#8221; to Paris.<sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;De Sta\u00ebl had rejected the idea of the right of resistance &#8211; which had been introduced by the&nbsp;<a title=\"French Constitution of 1793\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Constitution_of_1793\">French Constitution of 1793<\/a>, but removed from the&nbsp;<a title=\"Constitution of the Year III\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_the_Year_III\">Constitution of 1795<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In 1796 she published&nbsp;<i>Sur l&#8217;influence des passions<\/i>, in which she praised suicide; a book that attracted the attention of the German authors&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Schiller\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schiller\">Schiller<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Goethe\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goethe\">Goethe<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Germaine had also an obsession with French politics,<sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and reopened her salon. It was during these years that Mme de Sta\u00ebl was of chief political importance. For a time she was conspicuous in the motley and eccentric society of the mid-1790s. On the&nbsp;<a title=\"13 Vend\u00e9miaire\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire\">13 Vend\u00e9miaire<\/a>&nbsp;the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Comit\u00e9 de salut public\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comit%C3%A9_de_salut_public\">Comit\u00e9 de salut public<\/a>&nbsp;ordered her to leave Paris after accusations of politicking, and locked up Constant for one night.<sup id=\"cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Germaine spent that autumn in&nbsp;<a title=\"Forges-les-Eaux\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forges-les-Eaux\">Forges-les-Eaux<\/a>, a spa. She was trusted by neither side and a threat to political stability.<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup>The couple moved to&nbsp;<a title=\"Ormesson-sur-Marne\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ormesson-sur-Marne\">Ormesson-sur-Marne<\/a>&nbsp;where they lived with Montmorency. In Summer 1796 Constant founded &#8220;Cercle constitutionnel&#8221; in&nbsp;<a title=\"Luzarches\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luzarches\">Luzarches<\/a>; De Sta\u00ebl supported him.<sup id=\"cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In May 1797 she was back in Paris and eight months pregnant. She succeeded in getting Talleyrand from the list of \u00c9migr\u00e9s and in July in his appointment as minister of Foreign Affairs.<sup id=\"cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Since the&nbsp;<a title=\"Coup of 18 Fructidor\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coup_of_18_Fructidor\">coup of 18 Fructidor<\/a>&nbsp;anyone wishing to restore the monarchy or the&nbsp;<a title=\"French Constitution of 1793\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Constitution_of_1793\">French Constitution of 1793<\/a>&nbsp;would be shot without a trial.<sup id=\"cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup>Germaine moved to&nbsp;<a title=\"Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saint-Ouen,_Seine-Saint-Denis\">Saint-Ouen<\/a>, on her father&#8217;s estate and became friends with the beautiful and rich&nbsp;<a title=\"Juliette R\u00e9camier\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juliette_R%C3%A9camier\">Juliette R\u00e9camier<\/a>&nbsp;to whom she sold the parental house in the Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d&#8217;Antin.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Luzarches_-_Herivaux_13.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Luzarches_-_Herivaux_13.jpg\/200px-Luzarches_-_Herivaux_13.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" data-file-width=\"1600\" data-file-height=\"1200\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1797 Constant and De Sta\u00ebl lived in the remains of the Abbey of Herivaux.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>De Sta\u00ebl completed the initial part of her first most substantial contribution to political and constitutional theory, &#8220;Of present circumstances that can end the Revolution, and of the principles that must found the republic of France&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-libertyfund1_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-libertyfund1-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;On 6 December 1797 at Talleyrand&#8217;s office and 3 January 1798 during a ball she met with Napoleon. She made clear she did not agree with his planned&nbsp;<a title=\"French invasion of Switzerland\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_invasion_of_Switzerland\">French invasion of Switzerland<\/a>. He showed no interest and would not read her letters.<sup id=\"cite_ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Conflict_with_Napoleon\" class=\"mw-headline\">Conflict with Napoleon<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bonaparte_premier_Consul_G%C3%A9rard_Chantilly.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Bonaparte_premier_Consul_G%C3%A9rard_Chantilly.jpg\/200px-Bonaparte_premier_Consul_G%C3%A9rard_Chantilly.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"241\" data-file-width=\"2245\" data-file-height=\"2710\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bonaparte in 1803 by&nbsp;Fran\u00e7ois G\u00e9rard<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">Both personal and political reasons threw her into opposition to&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Napoleon I of France\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Napoleon_I_of_France\">Napoleon Bonaparte<\/a>, in August 1802 elected as&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"First consul\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_consul\">first consul<\/a>&nbsp;for life. For De Sta\u00ebl Napoleon started to resemble&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Machiavelli\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Machiavelli\">Machiavelli<\/a>; for Napoleon J.J. Rousseau was the cause of the French Revolution.<sup id=\"cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;It culminated when Jacques Necker had published his &#8220;Last Views on Politics and Finance&#8221; and his daughter &#8220;De la litt\u00e9rature consid\u00e9r\u00e9e dans ses rapports avec les institutions sociales&#8221;. It was her first philosophical approach to Europe, that dealt with such important factors as nationality, history and social institutions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Napoleon started a campaign against this publication. He did not like her&nbsp;<a title=\"Cultural determinism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cultural_determinism\">cultural determinism<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a title=\"Generalization\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generalization\">generalizations<\/a>, in which she stated that &#8220;an artist must be of his own time&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-archive1_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-archive1-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;For him a woman should stick to knitting.<sup id=\"cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;He said about her, according to the Memoirs of&nbsp;<a title=\"Madame de R\u00e9musat\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madame_de_R%C3%A9musat\">Madame de R\u00e9musat<\/a>, that she &#8220;teaches people to think who never thought before, or who had forgotten how to think.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;It became pretty clear that the first man in France and the De Sta\u00ebl were not likely to get on together.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911751_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911751-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In January 1800 Benjamin Constant was appointed by Napoleon as a member of the&nbsp;<a title=\"Tribunat\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tribunat\">Tribunat<\/a>but not long after he became the first consul&#8217;s enemy. Two years later Napol\u00e9on forced him to withdraw because of the speeches that he thought were actually written by Mme de Sta\u00ebl.<sup id=\"cite_ref-archive1_46-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-archive1-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>De Sta\u00ebl published a provoking (anti-catholic) novel&nbsp;<i><a title=\"Delphine (novel)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delphine_(novel)\">Delphine<\/a><\/i>, in which the&nbsp;<i>femme incomprise<\/i>&nbsp;(misunderstood woman) living in Paris between 1789 and 1792, is confronted with conservative ideas about divorce after the&nbsp;<a title=\"Concordat of 1801\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concordat_of_1801\">Concordat of 1801<\/a>. In this tragic novel, influenced by Goethe&#8217;s&nbsp;<i><a title=\"The Sorrows of Young Werther\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther\">The Sorrows of Young Werther<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;and Rousseau&#8217;s&nbsp;<i><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Julie, ou la nouvelle H\u00e9lo\u00efse\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julie,_ou_la_nouvelle_H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse\">Julie, ou la nouvelle H\u00e9lo\u00efse<\/a><\/i>, she reflects on the legal and practical aspects on divorce, the arrests and the&nbsp;<a title=\"September Massacres\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/September_Massacres\">September Massacres<\/a>, and the fate of the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u00c9migr\u00e9s\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89migr%C3%A9s\">\u00e9migr\u00e9s<\/a>. The main characters have traits of the flippant Benjamin Constant, and Talleyrand is depicted as an old woman, herself as the heroine with the liberalist view of the Italian aristocrat and politician&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Melzi d'Eril\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melzi_d%27Eril\">Melzi d&#8217;Eril<\/a>?<sup id=\"cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>When Constant moved to&nbsp;<a title=\"Maffliers\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maffliers\">Maffliers<\/a>&nbsp;in September 1803 De Sta\u00ebl went to see him and let Napoleon know she would be wise and careful. Immediately the house became very popular among her friends, but Napoleon, informed by&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Madame de Genlis\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madame_de_Genlis\">Madame de Genlis<\/a>&nbsp;suspected a conspiracy. &#8220;Her extensive network of connections &#8211; which included foreign diplomats and known political opponents, as well as members of the government and of Bonaparte&#8217;s own family &#8211; was in itself a source of suspicion and alarm for the government.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup>Her protection of&nbsp;<a class=\"new\" title=\"Jean Gabriel Peltier (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Jean_Gabriel_Peltier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Jean Gabriel Peltier<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; who wished the death of Napoleon &#8211; influenced his decision on 13 October 1803 to exile her without a trial.<sup id=\"cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;For ten years De Sta\u00ebl was not allowed to settle within a distance of 40&nbsp;<a title=\"League (unit)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/League_(unit)\">leagues<\/a>&nbsp;(almost 200&nbsp;km) from Paris. She accused Napoleon of &#8220;persecuting a woman and her children&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-54\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;On 23 October she left for Germany &#8220;out of pride&#8221;,<sup id=\"cite_ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;in the hope to gain attention and to be able to return as soon as possible.<sup id=\"cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"German_travels\" class=\"mw-headline\">German travels<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 285px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:BlickAufDieBurgmuehleUndDieKegelbrueckeInWeimarS150.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/BlickAufDieBurgmuehleUndDieKegelbrueckeInWeimarS150.jpg\/200px-BlickAufDieBurgmuehleUndDieKegelbrueckeInWeimarS150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"285\" height=\"181\" data-file-width=\"1147\" data-file-height=\"727\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Weimar around 1800 by&nbsp;Georg Melchior Kraus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"mceTemp\">With her children and Constant she stopped off in Metz&nbsp; and met with&nbsp;<a title=\"Immanuel Kant\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immanuel_Kant\">Kant<\/a>&#8216;s translator&nbsp;<a title=\"Charles de Villers\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_de_Villers\">Charles de Villers<\/a>. In mid-December, they arrived in Weimar, where she stayed for two and a half months at the court of the&nbsp;<a title=\"Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_August,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\">Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach<\/a>&nbsp;and his mother&nbsp;<a title=\"Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duchess_Anna_Amalia_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel\">Anna Amalia<\/a>. Germaine was constantly on the move, talking and asking questions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-archive1_46-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-archive1-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Goethe, in fact, became ill and hesitated about seeing her. An irritated Schiller felt relieved when she left, but also Constant decided to abandon her in Leipzig and return to Switzerland. De Sta\u00ebl traveled to Berlin, where she made the acquaintance of&nbsp;<a title=\"August Wilhelm Schlegel\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel\">August Schlegel<\/a>&nbsp;who was giving lectures on literature. She appointed him on an enormous salary as the private tutor to her children. On 18 April they all left Berlin when the news of her father&#8217;s death reached her.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>On 19 May she arrived in Coppet and found herself its wealthy and independent mistress, but her sorrow for her father was deep and certainly sincere. She spent the summer at the chateau arranging his writings and published an essay on his private life. In July Constant wrote: &#8220;She exerts over everything around her a kind of inexplicable but very real power. If she could only govern herself, she might have governed the world.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In December 1804 she travelled to Italy, accompanied by her children, Schlegel and the historian&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Jean Charles Leonard de Sismondi\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Charles_Leonard_de_Sismondi\">Sismondi<\/a>. She met with the poet&nbsp;<a title=\"Vincenzo Monti\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vincenzo_Monti\">Monti<\/a>&nbsp;and the painter,&nbsp;<a title=\"Angelica Kauffman\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angelica_Kauffman\">Angelica Kauffman<\/a>. &#8220;Her visit to Italy helped her to further develop her theory of the difference between northern and southern societies&#8230;&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-bordoni2005-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mme._de_Sta%C3%ABl_as_her_character_Corrine_(posthumously).png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Mme._de_Sta%C3%ABl_as_her_character_Corrine_%28posthumously%29.png\/200px-Mme._de_Sta%C3%ABl_as_her_character_Corrine_%28posthumously%29.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"242\" data-file-width=\"725\" data-file-height=\"876\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fran\u00e7ois G\u00e9rard&nbsp;(1770\u20131837), Carnavalet Museum. Mme. de Sta\u00ebl as her character Corinne (posthumously)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>She returned to Coppet in June 1805, moved to&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Meulan\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meulan\">Meulan<\/a>&nbsp;(Ch\u00e2teau d&#8217;Acosta) and spent nearly a year writing her next book on Italy&#8217;s culture and history. In&nbsp;<i>Corinne, ou L&#8217;Italie<\/i>&nbsp;(1807) the female hero appears to have been inspired by the Italian poet&nbsp;<a title=\"Diodata Saluzzo Roero\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diodata_Saluzzo_Roero\">Diodata Saluzzo Roero<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Letzia_59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-Letzia-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;She showed all of Italy&#8217;s works of art still in place, rather than plundered by Napoleon and taken to France.<sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The book&#8217;s publication acted as a reminder of her existence, and Napoleon sent her back to Coppet. Her house became, according to&nbsp;<a title=\"Stendhal\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stendhal\">Stendhal<\/a>, &#8220;the general headquarters of European thought&#8221; and was a debating club hostile to Napoleon, &#8220;turning conquered Europe into a parody of a feudal empire, with his own relatives in the roles of&nbsp;<a title=\"Vassal state\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vassal_state\">vassal states<\/a>&#8220;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Madame R\u00e9camier, also banned by Napoleon,&nbsp;<a title=\"Prince Augustus of Prussia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prince_Augustus_of_Prussia\">Prince Augustus of Prussia<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Charles Victor de Bonstetten\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Victor_de_Bonstetten\">Charles Victor de Bonstetten<\/a>,&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Prosper de Barante\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prosper_de_Barante\">Prosper de Barante<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Claude Hochet\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Hochet\">Claude Hochet<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Zacharias Werner\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zacharias_Werner\">Zacharias Werner<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Adelbert von Chamisso\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adelbert_von_Chamisso\">Adelbert von Chamisso<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Chateaubriand\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chateaubriand\">Chateaubriand<\/a>&nbsp;all belonged to the &#8220;groupe de Coppet&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-62\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Each day the table was laid for about thirty guests. Talking seemed to be everybody&#8217;s chief activity.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chaumont-sur-Loire_1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Chaumont-sur-Loire_1.jpg\/200px-Chaumont-sur-Loire_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"154\" data-file-width=\"2048\" data-file-height=\"1581\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ch\u00e2teau de Chaumont<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For a time she lived with Constant in&nbsp;<a title=\"Auxerre\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auxerre\">Auxerre<\/a>&nbsp;(1806), Rouen (1807),&nbsp;<a title=\"Aubergenville\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aubergenville\">Aubergenville<\/a>&nbsp;(1807). Then she met with&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Schlegel\">Friedrich Schlegel<\/a>, whose wife&nbsp;<a title=\"Dorothea von Schlegel\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dorothea_von_Schlegel\">Dorothea<\/a>&nbsp;had translated&nbsp;<i>Corinne<\/i>&nbsp;into German.<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The use of the word&nbsp;<a title=\"Romanticism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanticism\">Romanticism<\/a>&nbsp;was invented by Schlegel, but spread more widely across France through its persistent use by Madame de Sta\u00ebl.<sup id=\"cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Late in 1807 she set out for Vienna and visited&nbsp;<a title=\"Maurice O'Donnell\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maurice_O%27Donnell\">Maurice O&#8217;Donnell<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;She was accompanied by her children and August Schlegel who held his famous lectures. In 1808 De Sta\u00ebl set to work on her book about Germany &#8211; a country that did not exist until&nbsp;<a title=\"Otto von Bismarck\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otto_von_Bismarck\">Bismarck<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; in which she presented the idea of Germany as an ethical and aesthetic model and praised German literature and philosophy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-66\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The exchange of ideas and literary and philosophical conversations with Goethe, Schiller, and&nbsp;<a title=\"Christoph Martin Wieland\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christoph_Martin_Wieland\">Wieland<\/a>&nbsp;inspired de Sta\u00ebl to write one of the most influential books of the nineteenth century.<sup id=\"cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Pretending she wanted to emigrate to the US, de Sta\u00ebl was given permission to re-enter France. Looking around in Chaumont-sur-Loire de Sta\u00ebl moved into the&nbsp;<a title=\"Ch\u00e2teau de Chaumont\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chaumont\">Ch\u00e2teau de Chaumont<\/a>&nbsp;(1810) owned by the heirs of&nbsp;<a title=\"Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont\">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont<\/a>, but then moved on onto&nbsp;<a title=\"Foss\u00e9, Loir-et-Cher\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foss%C3%A9,_Loir-et-Cher\">Foss\u00e9<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a title=\"Vend\u00f4me\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vend%C3%B4me\">Vend\u00f4me<\/a>. She was determined to publish&nbsp;<i>De l&#8217;Allemagne<\/i>&nbsp;in France, a book in which she called French political structures into question, so indirectly criticising Napoleon busy promoting French culture and theatre. Constrained by censorship, she wrote the emperor a somewhat provocative and perhaps undignified letter.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\">[<i><a title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>&nbsp;The minister of police&nbsp;<a title=\"Anne Jean Marie Ren\u00e9 Savary\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anne_Jean_Marie_Ren%C3%A9_Savary\">Savary<\/a>had emphatically forbidden the publication of her book as being \u201cun-French&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-68\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-69\">[69]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In October 1810 de Sta\u00ebl was exiled again and had to leave France within three days. Also&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"August Schlegel\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/August_Schlegel\">August Schlegel<\/a>&nbsp;was ordered to leave&nbsp;<a title=\"Act of Mediation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Act_of_Mediation\">Swiss Confederation<\/a>&nbsp;as an enemy of the French literature. She found consolation in a wounded officer named&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Albert de Rocca\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_de_Rocca\">Albert de Rocca<\/a>, twenty-three years her junior, to whom she got engaged privately in 1811 and would marry him publicly in 1816.<sup id=\"cite_ref-archive1_46-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-archive1-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Eastern_Europe\" class=\"mw-headline\">Eastern Europe<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:August_Wilhelm_von_Schlegel.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/August_Wilhelm_von_Schlegel.jpg\/200px-August_Wilhelm_von_Schlegel.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"219\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"329\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">August Wilhelm von Schlegel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">The operations of the French imperial police in regard to Mme de Sta\u00ebl are rather obscure. She was at first left undisturbed, but by degrees, the chateau itself became a source of suspicion, and her visitors found themselves heavily punished.&nbsp;<a title=\"Fran\u00e7ois-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fran%C3%A7ois-Emmanuel_Guignard,_comte_de_Saint-Priest\">Fran\u00e7ois-Emmanuel Guignard<\/a>, De Montmorency and Mme R\u00e9camier were exiled for the crime of visiting her. She remained at home during the winter of 1811, planning to escape to England or Sweden with the manuscript. On 23 May 1812 she left Coppet almost secretly, and journeyed through Bern, Innsbruck and Salzburg on her way to Vienna, where she met with&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Metternich\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metternich\">Metternich<\/a>. There she obtained an Austrian passport up to the frontier, and after some trepidation and trouble, received a Russian passport in&nbsp;<a title=\"Brody\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brody\">Brody<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>During&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Napoleon's invasion of Russia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia\">Napoleon&#8217;s invasion of Russia<\/a>&nbsp;de Sta\u00ebl, her two children and Schlegel, journeyed through the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Habsburg empire\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Habsburg_empire\">Habsburg empire<\/a>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<a title=\"Brno\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brno\">Brno<\/a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<a title=\"\u0141a\u0144cut\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%81a%C5%84cut\">\u0141a\u0144cut<\/a>&nbsp;where Rocca, having deserted the French army and having been searched by the French&nbsp;<a title=\"Gendarmerie\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gendarmerie\">gendarmerie<\/a>, was waiting for her. The journey continued to&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lemberg\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lemberg\">Lemberg<\/a>, capital of the&nbsp;<a title=\"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria\">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria<\/a>. On 14 July 1812 they arrived in&nbsp;<a title=\"Volhynia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volhynia\">Volhynia<\/a>. In the meantime, Napoleon, who took a more northern route, had crossed the&nbsp;<a title=\"Neman\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neman\">Niemen River<\/a>&nbsp;with his army. In Kiev, she met&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Miloradovich\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miloradovich\">Miloradovich<\/a>, governor of the city. De Sta\u00ebl hesitated to travel to&nbsp;<a title=\"Odessa\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Odessa\">Odessa<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Constantinople\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantinople\">Constantinople<\/a>, and onto Greece, and decided instead to go north. In Moscow, she was invited by the governor&nbsp;<a title=\"Fyodor Rostopchin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fyodor_Rostopchin\">Fyodor Rostopchin<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-70\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;She left only a few weeks before Napoleon arrived. Until the end of September, her party stayed in Saint Petersburg. She met twice with the tsar&nbsp;<a title=\"Alexander I of Russia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_I_of_Russia\">Alexander I of Russia<\/a>&nbsp;who &#8220;related to me also the lessons a la&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Machiavelli\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Machiavelli\">Machiavelli<\/a>&nbsp;which Napoleon had thought proper to give him.&#8221;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\"><p>&#8220;You see,&#8221; said he, &#8220;I am careful to keep my ministers and generals at variance among themselves, in order that each may reveal to me the faults of the other; I keep up a continual jealousy by the manner I treat those who are about me: one day one thinks himself the favourite, the next day another, so that no one is ever certain of my favour.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>For de Sta\u00ebl that was a vulgar and vicious theory.<sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;General&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Kutuzov\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kutuzov\">Kutuzov<\/a>&nbsp;sent her letters from the&nbsp;<a title=\"Battle of Tarutino\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Tarutino\">Battle of Tarutino<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Tolstoy2017_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-Tolstoy2017-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and before the end of that year he would succeed in chasing the&nbsp;<a title=\"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e\">Grande Arm\u00e9e<\/a>&nbsp;out of Russia.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Madame_de_Sta%C3%ABl_Vladimir_Borovikovsky.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/18\/Madame_de_Sta%C3%ABl_Vladimir_Borovikovsky.jpg\/200px-Madame_de_Sta%C3%ABl_Vladimir_Borovikovsky.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"259\" data-file-width=\"1542\" data-file-height=\"2000\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">De Sta\u00ebl in 1812 by&nbsp;Vladimir Borovikovsky<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>After four months of travelling, she arrived in Sweden. The crossing of the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bothnian Gulf\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bothnian_Gulf\">Bothnian Gulf<\/a>&nbsp;by boat frightened her. In&nbsp;<a title=\"Stockholm\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stockholm\">Stockholm<\/a>&nbsp;she started &#8220;Ten Years&#8217; Exile&#8221;, giving details of whom she had met and explained what she had seen. She never finished the manuscript and after eight months she set out for England, without August Schlegel who had been appointed as secretary to general&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Baptiste_Jules_Bernadotte\">Bernadotte<\/a>. (She supported Bernadotte as new ruler of France, who she hoped would introduce a&nbsp;<a title=\"Constitutional monarchy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitutional_monarchy\">constitutional monarchy<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup>) In London she received a great welcome. She met with&nbsp;<a title=\"Lord Byron\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lord_Byron\">Lord Byron<\/a>&nbsp;on the first evening (27 May). The next day they dined at Sir&nbsp;<a title=\"Humphry Davy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humphry_Davy\">Humphry Davy<\/a>&#8216;s, the chemist and inventor. In the evening de Sta\u00ebl had made&nbsp;<i>very<\/i>&nbsp;long speeches, according to Byron. She preached English politics to the first of our English&nbsp;<a title=\"Whigs (British political party)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whigs_(British_political_party)\">Whig<\/a>&nbsp;politicians &#8230; preached politics no less to our&nbsp;<a title=\"Tory\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tory\">Tory<\/a>&nbsp;politicians the day after.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-75\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Her stay was marred by the death of her son Albert, who as a member of the Swedish army had fallen in a duel with a Cossack officer in&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doberan\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doberan\">Doberan<\/a>&nbsp;as a result of a gambling dispute. In October&nbsp;<a title=\"John Murray (publisher)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Murray_(publisher)\">John Murray<\/a>&nbsp;published&nbsp;<i>De l&#8217;Allemagne<\/i>&nbsp;both in a French and English translation, in which she reflected on nationalism and suggested a re-consideration on cultural rather than on natural boundaries.<sup id=\"cite_ref-76\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In May 1814, after&nbsp;<a title=\"Louis XVIII of France\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_XVIII_of_France\">Louis XVIII<\/a>&nbsp;had been crowned (<a title=\"Bourbon Restoration\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bourbon_Restoration\">Bourbon Restoration<\/a>) she returned to Paris. She undertook&nbsp;<i>Consid\u00e9rations sur la r\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise<\/i>, based on Part One of &#8220;Ten Years&#8217; Exile&#8221;. Again her salon became a major attraction both for Parisians and foreigners.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Restoration\" class=\"mw-headline\">Restoration<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Byronharlow.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/44\/Byronharlow.jpg\/200px-Byronharlow.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"287\" data-file-width=\"317\" data-file-height=\"455\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lord Byron, ca 1816<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:BenjaminConstant.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/BenjaminConstant.jpg\/200px-BenjaminConstant.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"286\" data-file-width=\"472\" data-file-height=\"674\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Benjamin Constant<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<p>When news came of Napoleon&#8217;s landing on the C\u00f4te d&#8217;Azur, between Cannes and Antibes, early in March 1815, she fled to Coppet, and never forgave Constant for approving of Napoleon&#8217;s return.<sup id=\"cite_ref-77\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Although she had no affection for the&nbsp;<a title=\"House of Bourbon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Bourbon\">Bourbons<\/a>&nbsp;she succeeded in obtaining restitution for the loan Necker had made to the French state before the Revolution.<sup id=\"cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In October, after the Battle of Waterloo, she set out for Italy, not only for the sake of her own health but for that of her second husband, Rocca, who was suffering from tuberculosis. In May her 19-year-old daughter Albertine married&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor,_3rd_duc_de_Broglie\">Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie<\/a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a title=\"Livorno\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Livorno\">Livorno<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The whole family returned to Coppet in June, and&nbsp;<a title=\"Lord Byron\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lord_Byron\">Lord Byron<\/a>&nbsp;a womanizer and a gambler in debt, left London in great trouble and frequently visited Mme de Sta\u00ebl during July and August. For Byron, she was Europe&#8217;s greatest living writer, but &#8230;with her pen behind her ears and her mouth full of ink&#8221;. &#8220;Byron was particularly critical of de Sta\u00ebl&#8217;s self-dramatizing tendencies&#8230;&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-erudit2000_79-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-erudit2000-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Byron was a supporter of Napoleon, but for de Sta\u00ebl &#8220;Bonaparte was not only a man but a system&#8230;&#8221; &#8220;Napoleon imposed standards of homogeneity on Europe that is, French taste in literature, art and the legal systems, all of which de Sta\u00ebl saw as inimical to her cosmopolitan point of view.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-erudit2000_79-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-erudit2000-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Byron wrote she was &#8220;&#8230; sometimes right and often wrong about Italy and England &#8211; but almost always true in delineating the heart, which is of but one nation of no country, or rather, of all.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-80\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Despite her increasing ill-health, she returned to Paris for the winter of 1816\u201317. Constant argued with de Sta\u00ebl who had asked him to pay off his debts to her. A warm friendship sprang up between Madame de Sta\u00ebl and the&nbsp;<a title=\"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington\">Duke of Wellington<\/a>, whom she had first met in 1814, and she used her influence with him to have the size of the&nbsp;<a title=\"Military occupation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_occupation\">Army of Occupation<\/a>&nbsp;greatly reduced.<sup id=\"cite_ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;She had already become confined to her house at 40, rue des Mathurins, paralyzed since 21 February. She died on 14 July. Her deathbed conversion to Roman Catholicism, after reading&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Thomas a Kempis\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_a_Kempis\">Thomas a Kempis<\/a>, surprised many, including Wellington, who remarked that while he knew that she was greatly afraid of death, he had thought her incapable of believing in the&nbsp;<a title=\"Afterlife\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afterlife\">afterlife<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-82\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Rocca survived her by little more than six months. &#8220;Yet although she insisted to the Duke of Wellington that she needed politics in order to live, her attitude towards the propriety of female political engagement varied: at times she declared that women should simply be the guardians of domestic space for the opposite sex, while at others, that denying women access to the public sphere of activism and engagement was an abuse of human rights. This paradox partly explains the persona of the \u201chomme-femme\u201d she presented in society, and it remained unresolved throughout her life.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-83\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-83\">[83]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Albertine Necker de Saussure\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albertine_Necker_de_Saussure\">Albertine Necker de Saussure<\/a>, married to her cousin, wrote her biography in 1821, published as part of the collected works.&nbsp;<a title=\"Auguste Comte\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auguste_Comte\">Auguste Comte<\/a>&nbsp;included Mme de Sta\u00ebl in his&nbsp;<i>Calendar of Great Men<\/i>. Her political legacy has been generally identified with a stern defence of &#8220;liberal&#8221; values: equality, individual freedom and the limitation of power by constitutional rules.<sup id=\"cite_ref-84\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Comte&#8217;s disciple&nbsp;<a title=\"Frederic Harrison\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederic_Harrison\">Frederic Harrison<\/a>wrote about de Sta\u00ebl that her novels &#8220;precede the works of&nbsp;<a title=\"Walter Scott\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Scott\">Walter Scott<\/a>, Byron,&nbsp;<a title=\"Mary Shelley\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary_Shelley\">Mary Shelley<\/a>, and partly those of&nbsp;<a title=\"Fran\u00e7ois-Ren\u00e9 de Chateaubriand\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand\">Chateaubriand<\/a>, their historical importance is great in the development of modern&nbsp;<a title=\"Romanticism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanticism\">Romanticism<\/a>, of the romance of the heart, the delight in nature, and in the arts, antiquities, and history of Europe.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Offspring\" class=\"mw-headline\">Offspring<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jaures-Histoire_Socialiste-II-p881.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Jaures-Histoire_Socialiste-II-p881.jpg\/200px-Jaures-Histoire_Socialiste-II-p881.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"201\" data-file-width=\"1512\" data-file-height=\"1518\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louis-Marie de Narbonne<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">Beside two daughters, Gustava Sofia Magdalena (born July 1787) and Gustava Hedvig (died August 1789), who died in infancy, she had two sons, Ludwig August (1790\u20131827), Albert (November 1792\u2013July 1813), and a daughter, Albertine, Baroness de Sta\u00ebl von Holstein (June 1797\u20131838). It is believed Louis, Comte de Narbonne-Lara was the father of Ludvig August and Albert, and Benjamin Constant the father of red-haired Albertine.<sup id=\"cite_ref-85\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;With Albert de Rocca, de Sta\u00ebl then aged 46, had one son, the disabled Louis-Alphonse de Rocca (April 1812\u20131842), who would marry Marie-Louise-Antoinette de Rambuteau, daughter of&nbsp;<a title=\"Claude-Philibert Barthelot de Rambuteau\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude-Philibert_Barthelot_de_Rambuteau\">Claude-Philibert Barthelot de Rambuteau<\/a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-archive1_46-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-archive1-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and granddaughter of De Narbonne.<sup id=\"cite_ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Even as she gave birth, there were fifteen people in her bedroom.<sup id=\"cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>After the death of her husband, Mathieu de Montmorency became the legal guardian of her children. Like August Schlegel he was one of her intimates until the end of her life.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"In_popular_culture\" class=\"mw-headline\">In popular culture<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Republican Party (United States)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republican_Party_(United_States)\">Republican<\/a>&nbsp;activist&nbsp;<a title=\"Victor Gold (journalist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor_Gold_(journalist)\">Victor Gold<\/a>&nbsp;quoted Madame de Sta\u00ebl when characterizing American&nbsp;<a title=\"Vice President of the United States\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_President_of_the_United_States\">Vice President<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Dick Cheney\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dick_Cheney\">Dick Cheney<\/a>, &#8220;Men do not change, they unmask themselves.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>De Sta\u00ebl is credited in&nbsp;<a title=\"Leo Tolstoy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leo_Tolstoy\">Tolstoy<\/a>&#8216;s epilogue to&nbsp;<i><a title=\"War and Peace\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_and_Peace\">War and Peace<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;as a factor of the &#8216;influential forces&#8217; which historians say led to the movement of humanity in that era.<sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-88\">[88]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>The popular wrestling compilation series&nbsp;<i>Botchamania<\/i>&nbsp;has referenced her on several occasions saying&nbsp;<i>One must choose in life, between boredom and suffering<\/i>&nbsp;which is normally followed by a humorous joke.<\/li>\n<li>Mme de Sta\u00ebl is used several times to characterize Mme de Grandet in&nbsp;<a title=\"Stendhal\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stendhal\">Stendhal<\/a>&#8216;s&nbsp;<i><a title=\"Lucien Leuwen\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lucien_Leuwen\">Lucien Leuwen<\/a><\/i>.<\/li>\n<li>Mme de Sta\u00ebl is mentioned several times, always approvingly, by Russia&#8217;s national poet,&nbsp;<a title=\"Alexander Pushkin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Pushkin\">Alexander Pushkin<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Mme de Sta\u00ebl is frequently quoted by&nbsp;<a title=\"Ralph Waldo Emerson\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson\">Ralph Waldo Emerson<\/a>&nbsp;and she is credited with introducing him to recent German thought.<sup id=\"cite_ref-89\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Talleyrand observed with his customary cynicism that Germaine enjoyed throwing people overboard simply to have the pleasure of fishing them out of the water again.<sup id=\"cite_ref-90\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-90\">[90]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Jean Charles Leonard de Sismondi\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Charles_Leonard_de_Sismondi\">Sismondi<\/a>&nbsp;accused De Sta\u00ebl of a lack of tact, when they were travelling through Italy and wrote Mme De Sta\u00ebl was easily bored if she had to pay attention to things.<\/li>\n<li>For&nbsp;<a title=\"Heinrich Heine\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_Heine\">Heinrich Heine<\/a>&nbsp;she was the &#8220;grandmother of&nbsp;<a title=\"Doctrine\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctrine\">doctrines<\/a>&#8220;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-91\">[91]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>For Byron she was &#8220;a good woman at heart and the cleverest at bottom, but spoilt by a wish to be &#8212; she not was. In her own house she was amiable; in any other person&#8217;s, you wished her gone, and in her own again.<sup id=\"cite_ref-92\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_note-92\">[92]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-1\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hls-dhs-dss.ch\/textes\/f\/F16051.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sta\u00ebl, Germaine de<\/a>, in the&nbsp;<a title=\"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland\">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bordoni2005-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to:<\/span><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-bordoni2005_2-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nottingham.ac.uk\/z-oldsites\/crlc\/documents\/byronessays\/lordbyronandgermainedestael.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Lord Byron and Germaine de Sta\u00ebl by Silvia Bordoni, The University of Nottingham 2005<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-3\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=6NE-AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA35&amp;lpg=PA35&amp;dq=Last+View+on+Politics+and+Finance+Necker#v=onepage&amp;q=Last%20View%20on%20Politics%20and%20Finance%20Necker&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution &#8230;, Band 2 by Madame de Sta\u00ebl, p. 46<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-4\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><i>M\u00e9moires de Madame de Chastenay, 1771\u20131815<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911750-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911750_5-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#CITEREFSaintsbury1911\">Saintsbury 1911<\/a>, p.&nbsp;750.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-6\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Casillo, R. (13 May 2006).&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=MWLHAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=germaine+de+stael+was+calvinist&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=vSsNI15JjE&amp;sig=3idg70qTcoQ1IJIgxThShIQPWkQ&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiM4N6amt7SAhXJjpAKHbb-AesQ6AEIPjAD#v=onepage&amp;q=germaine+de+stael+was+calvinist&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;The Empire of Stereotypes: Germaine de Sta\u00ebl and the Idea of Italy&#8221;<\/a>. Springer \u2013 via Google Books.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-7\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Celebrities such as the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_comte_de_Buffon\">Comte de Buffon<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Marmontel\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Marmontel\">Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Marmontel<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrich_Melchior,_Baron_von_Grimm\">Melchior Grimm<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Edward Gibbon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Gibbon\">Edward Gibbon<\/a>, the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Abb\u00e9 Raynal\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abb%C3%A9_Raynal\">Abb\u00e9 Raynal<\/a>,&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de la Harpe\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_la_Harpe\">Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de la Harpe<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques-Henri_Bernardin_de_Saint-Pierre\">Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Denis Diderot\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denis_Diderot\">Denis Diderot<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Jean d'Alembert\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_d%27Alembert\">Jean d&#8217;Alembert<\/a>&nbsp;were frequent visitors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-swisscastles1-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-swisscastles1_8-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to:<\/span><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-swisscastles1_8-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-swisscastles1_8-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.swisscastles.ch\/Vaud\/chateau\/jouxtens.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.swisscastles.ch\/Vaud\/chateau\/jouxtens.html<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-libertyfund1-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-libertyfund1_9-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to:<\/span><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-libertyfund1_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/oll.libertyfund.org\/pages\/stael-and-the-french-revolution\" rel=\"nofollow\">Stael and the French Revolution Introduction by Aurelian Craiutu<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-10\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Lydia Maria Child (1836) The biography of Madame de Stael, p. 6.<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=9eoKAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA155&amp;lpg=PA155&amp;dq=Robespierre+Commune+1792+september+Stael&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=V58n3gl9fU&amp;sig=muJbLdKDkTAQ5steR4KGh5adpFM&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiI2qGX7IXdAhUM6KQKHUlIAoAQ6AEwBXoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Robespierre%20Commune%201792%20september%20Stael&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-11\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Simon Schama (1990) Citizens, p. 257<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-12\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2005\/feb\/13\/biography.features\" rel=\"nofollow\">Napoleon&#8217;s nemesis<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-13\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LgUaAQAAMAAJ&amp;lpg=PA353&amp;ots=pAAgEEGbBc&amp;dq=melchior%20Grimm%201789&amp;hl=nl&amp;pg=PA353#v=onepage&amp;q=melchior%20Grimm%201789&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Historical &amp; literary memoirs and anecdotes by Friedrich Melchior Grimm and Denis Diderot<\/i>, H. Colburn, 1815, p. 353.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-14\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Simon Schama (1989) Citizens, p. 382<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-15\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Simon Schama (1989) Citizens, p. 499, 536<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-16\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=ZzoOAAAAYAAJ&amp;lpg=PA307&amp;dq=Swedish%20embassy%20paris%20Sta%C3%ABl&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA311#v=onepage&amp;q=Swedish%20embassy%20paris%20Sta%C3%ABl&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Voltaire, Rousseau, Condorcet, Mirabeau, Madame Roland, Madame De Stael, p. 311. by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-17\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore, p. 334<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-18\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Biancamaria Fontana (2016) Germaine de Sta\u00ebl: A Political Portrait, p. 30. Princeton: Princeton University Press<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-19\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">B. Fontana, p. 33<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-20\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">B. Fontana, p. 37, 41, 44<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-21\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Correspondance (1770-1793). Published by \u00c9velyne Lever. Paris 2005, p. 660, 724<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-22\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">B. Fontana, p. 49<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-23\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">&#8220;M\u00e9moires de Malouet&#8221;, p. 221<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-24\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">B. Fontana, p. 61<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-25\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore, p. 138<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-26\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=ZYnJqRMaxrIC&amp;pg=PA272&amp;lpg=PA272&amp;dq=swedish+embassy+paris+address+chapel+Baron+Sta%C3%ABl+address+location&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=J4RCvZoOaj&amp;sig=mQcZ8MpmE_5H94SV_UIi3LE7zzk&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwibgM6U4cfZAhVFzqQKHT7iCpEQ6AEINzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=altar%20Gambs&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mistress to an Age: A Life of Madame de Sta\u00ebl von J. Christopher Herold<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-27\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=mPANAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Sta%C3%ABl+Robespierre&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi_v7nI96jeAhXJKVAKHT7lDzAQ6AEIRTAE#v=onepage&amp;q=Sta%C3%ABl%20Robespierre&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution, Band 2, p. 75<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-28\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">S. Schama (1990) Citizens, p 624, 631<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-29\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=r2wBAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA341&amp;lpg=PA341&amp;dq=Manuel+germaine+de+stael&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ccvAqmorAJ&amp;sig=63s5MOtCsWb34fkom7anFCovO78&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwijiLrX6YXdAhXQ6aQKHYaWBEkQ6AEwEHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Manuel%20germaine%20de%20stael&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">A New Dictionary of the French Revolution by Richard Ballard, p. 341<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-30\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">It was Tallien who announced the September Massacres and sent off the famous circular of 3 September to the French provinces, recommending them to take similar action.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-google1-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-google1_31-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to:<\/span><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-google1_31-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=YPfRBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT110&amp;lpg=PT110&amp;dq=Nyon+Madame+de+Stael+1793&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=3PBYucGDz2&amp;sig=r60Rjdcw69UnWN6Dxdm7Qe9Vrt8&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi7ls_U5PHZAhVhAcAKHcJOBUcQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=Nyon%20Madame%20de%20Stael%201793&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Selected Correspondence by Anne Louise Germaine de Sta\u00ebl<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-32\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore (2007) Liberty. The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France, p. 15<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-33\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 113<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-34\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">The&nbsp;<a title=\"Fall of Maximilien Robespierre\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fall_of_Maximilien_Robespierre\">fall of Maximilien Robespierre<\/a>&nbsp;opened the way back to Paris.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-35\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 125<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-36\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.klassik-stiftung.de\/uploads\/tx_lombkswdigitaldocs\/Jahrbuch_2008_Olaf_Mueller.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Olaf M\u00fcller: Madame de Sta\u00ebl und Weimar. Europ\u00e4ische Dimensionen einer Begegnung. In: Hellmut Th. Seemann (Hrsg.): Europa in Weimar. Visionen eines Kontinents. Jahrbuch der Klassik Stiftung Weimar 2008. G\u00f6ttingen: Wallstein Verlag 2008, p. 29.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-37\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore, p. 332<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-38\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">B. Fontana, p. 178; L. Moore, p. 335<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-39\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore, p. 345, 349<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-40\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p.159<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-41\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 159<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-42\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore, p. 348<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-43\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore, p. 350-352<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-44\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=6NE-AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA35&amp;lpg=PA35&amp;dq=Last+View+on+Politics+and+Finance+Necker&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=5gEt71u0-t&amp;sig=Uqsx1nAXpjjrySfDR2ulxJT4SiQ&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwidu63489DZAhVkAsAKHV2YD8k4ChDoAQg0MAI#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution &#8230;, p. 90, 95-96, Band 2 by Madame de Sta\u00ebl<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-45\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=6NE-AAAAYAAJ&amp;lpg=PA35&amp;ots=5gEt71u0-t&amp;dq=Last%20View%20on%20Politics%20and%20Finance%20Necker&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA42#v=onepage&amp;q=Last%20View%20on%20Politics%20and%20Finance%20Necker&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution &#8230;, Band 2 by Madame de Sta\u00ebl, p. 42<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-archive1-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-archive1_46-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to:<\/span><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-archive1_46-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-archive1_46-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-archive1_46-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-archive1_46-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120820113707\/http:\/\/kirjasto.sci.fi\/stael.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, Baroness de Sta\u00ebl-Holstein (1766-1817) by Petri Liukkonen<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-47\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">A. Goodden (2000) Delphine and Corinne, p. 18<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-48\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore, p. 379<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-49\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Memoirs of Madame de Remusat, trans.&nbsp;<a title=\"Frances Cashel Hoey\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frances_Cashel_Hoey\">Cashel Hoey<\/a>&nbsp;and John Lillie, p. 407.&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OXMOAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;source=gbs_summary_r&amp;cad=0#PPR1,M1\" rel=\"nofollow\">Books.Google.com<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911751-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911751_50-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#CITEREFSaintsbury1911\">Saintsbury 1911<\/a>, p.&nbsp;751.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-51\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">From the Introduction to Madame de Sta\u00ebl (1987) Delphine. Edition critique par S. Balay\u00e9 &amp; L. Omacini. Librairie Droz S.A. G\u00e9n\u00e8ve<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-52\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 204<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-53\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131203000534\/http:\/\/etudes-revolutionnaires.org\/prestashop\/product.php?id_product=50\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Un journaliste contre-r\u00e9volutionnaire, Jean-Gabriel Peltier (1760\u20131825) \u2013 Etudes R\u00e9volutionnaires&#8221;<\/a>. Etudes-revolutionnaires.org. 7 October 2011. Archived from&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/etudes-revolutionnaires.org\/prestashop\/product.php?id_product=50\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 3 December 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">17 September<\/span>&nbsp;2013<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-54\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 263, note 47<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-55\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 205<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-56\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.klassik-stiftung.de\/uploads\/tx_lombkswdigitaldocs\/Jahrbuch_2008_Olaf_Mueller.pdf,\" rel=\"nofollow\">Olaf M\u00fcller: Madame de Sta\u00ebl und Weimar. Europ\u00e4ische Dimensionen einer Begegnung. In: Hellmut Th. Seemann (Hrsg.): Europa in Weimar. Visionen eines Kontinents. Jahrbuch der Klassik Stiftung Weimar 2008. G\u00f6ttingen: Wallstein Verlag 2008, p. 292<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-57\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.weimar-lese.de\/index.php?article_id=786\" rel=\"nofollow\">Madame de Sta\u00ebl von Klaus -Werner Haupt<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-58\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=ZYnJqRMaxrIC&amp;lpg=PA272&amp;ots=J4RCvZoOaj&amp;dq=swedish%20embassy%20paris%20address%20chapel%20Baron%20Sta%C3%ABl%20address%20location&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA304#v=onepage&amp;q=swedish%20embassy%20paris%20address%20chapel%20Baron%20Sta%C3%ABl%20address%20location&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mistress to an Age: A Life of Madame de Sta\u00ebl by J. Christopher Herold<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Letzia-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-Letzia_59-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Panizza, Letizia; Wood, Sharon.&nbsp;<i>A History of Women&#8217;s Writing in Italy<\/i>. p.&nbsp;144.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-60\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">A. Goodden (2000), p. 61<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-61\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 230<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-62\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Herold, J. Christopher.&nbsp;<i>Mistress to an Age: A Life of Madame de Sta\u00ebl<\/i>. Grove Press, 2002. p. 290.&nbsp;<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/0802138373\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0802138373\">0802138373<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-63\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Schlegel and Madame de Sta\u00ebl have endeavored to reduce&nbsp;<a title=\"Poetry\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poetry#Western_traditions\">poetry<\/a>&nbsp;to two systems, classical and romantic.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-64\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Ferber, Michael (2010) Romanticism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.&nbsp;<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-956891-8\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-956891-8\">978-0-19-956891-8<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-65\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Madame de Sta\u00ebl et Maurice O\u2019Donnell (1805\u20131817), d\u2019apres des letters inedites, by Jean Mistler, published by Calmann-Levy, Editeurs, 3 rue Auber, Paris, 1926.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-66\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.klassik-stiftung.de\/uploads\/tx_lombkswdigitaldocs\/Jahrbuch_2008_Olaf_Mueller.pdf,\" rel=\"nofollow\">Olaf M\u00fcller: Madame de Sta\u00ebl und Weimar. Europ\u00e4ische Dimensionen einer Begegnung. In: Hellmut Th. Seemann (Hrsg.): Europa in Weimar. Visionen eines Kontinents. Jahrbuch der Klassik Stiftung Weimar 2008. G\u00f6ttingen: Wallstein Verlag 2008<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-67\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 206<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-68\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=wbQEAAAAYAAJ&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA100#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Departure%20for%20Germany%22&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Ten Years of Exile, pt. II, chap. i, 101\u201310<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-69\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 206<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-70\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">According to de Sta\u00ebl, it was Rostopchin who ordered to set his mansion on fire, which spread to the city with its 1,600 churches. Ten Years&#8217; Exile, chapter 17<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-71\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Ten Years&#8217; Exile, chapter 17<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-72\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Ten Years&#8217; Exile, chapter 17<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Tolstoy2017-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-Tolstoy2017_73-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Tolstoy, Leo (21 June 2017).&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1HJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT2583\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Complete Works of Leo Tolstoy<\/i><\/a>. Musaicum Books. pp.&nbsp;2583\u2013.&nbsp;<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/978-80-7583-455-3\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-80-7583-455-3\">978-80-7583-455-3<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">12 April<\/span>&nbsp;2018<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-74\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">A. Zamoyski (2007) Rites of Peace. The fall of Napoleon &amp; the Congress of Vienna, p. 105<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-75\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">The Complete Miscellaneous Prose, p. 184-185. Ed. by Andrew Nicholson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-76\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Lord Byron and Germaine de Sta\u00ebl by Silvia Bordoni, p. 4<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-77\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 227<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-78\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 208<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-erudit2000-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-erudit2000_79-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to:<\/span><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-erudit2000_79-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.erudit.org\/en\/journals\/ron\/2000-n19-ron431\/005941ar\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Joanne Wilkes, Lord Byron and Madame de Sta\u00ebl: Born for Opposition. London: Ashgate, 1999.<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/1-84014699-0\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-84014699-0\">1-84014699-0<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-80\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">The Complete Miscellaneous Prose, p. 223-224. Ed. by Andrew Nicholson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-81\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Longford, Elizabeth\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Longford,_Elizabeth\">Longford, Elizabeth<\/a>&nbsp;(1972)&nbsp;<i>Wellington-Pillar of State<\/i>, p.38. Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson. London.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-82\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Longford p.38<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-83\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">The Man-Woman and the Idiot: Madame de Sta\u00ebl&#8217;s Public\/Private Life Goodden, Angelica. Forum for Modern Language Studies, 2007, Vol. 43(1), pp.34-45<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-84\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Fontana, p. 234<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-85\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Angelica Goodden.&nbsp;<i>Madame de Sta\u00ebl: the dangerous exile.<\/i>&nbsp;<a title=\"Oxford University Press\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_University_Press\">Oxford University Press<\/a>, 2008, p. 31?<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-86\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore, p. 390<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-87\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Lucy Moore, p. 8<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-88\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Abramowitz, Michael (2 April 2007).&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2007\/04\/01\/AR2007040101211_pf.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Rightist Indignation&#8221;<\/a>. Washington Post<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">30 June<\/span>&nbsp;2007<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-89\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu\/roots\/rwe-destael.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Emerson &#8211; Roots &#8211; Madame DeStael&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<i>transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu<\/i>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-90\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">L. Moore, p. 350<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-91\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">S\u00e4mtliche Schriften (Anm. 2), Bd. 3, S. 882 f.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-92\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">The Complete Miscellaneous Prose, p. 222. Ed. by Andrew Nicholson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-93\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.espace-rousseau.ch\/f\/textes\/stael1788.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">LETTRES SUR LE CARACT\u00c8RE ET LES \u00c9CRITS DE JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-94\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/macsphere.mcmaster.ca\/bitstream\/11375\/14646\/1\/fulltext.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">A Treatise on the influence of Passions on the Happiness of indivuals and of nations<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-95\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=451jAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA1&amp;hl=de&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=4#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Of Germany<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-96\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books\/about\/Consid%C3%A9rations_sur_les_principaux_%C3%A9v%C3%A9.html?id=T0AvAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y\" rel=\"nofollow\">Consid\u00e9rations sur les principaux \u00e9v\u00e9nements de la r\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl#cite_ref-97\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up<\/span>^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/ebooks\/16245\" rel=\"nofollow\">Ten Years&#8217; Exile by Madame de Sta\u00ebl<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Sources\" class=\"mw-headline\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Sources\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Biancamaria Fontana (2016) Germaine de Sta\u00ebl: A Political Portrait. Princeton University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Angelica Goodden (2008) Madame de Sta\u00ebl&nbsp;: the dangerous exile. Oxford University Press.&nbsp;<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/978-0199238095\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0199238095\">978-0199238095<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/019923809X\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/019923809X\">019923809X<\/a><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"noviewer\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"13\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\">&nbsp;This article&nbsp;incorporates text from a publication now in the&nbsp;<a title=\"Public domain\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">public domain<\/a>:&nbsp;<cite id=\"CITEREFSaintsbury1911\" class=\"citation encyclopaedia\"><a title=\"George Saintsbury\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Saintsbury\">Saintsbury, George<\/a>&nbsp;(1911). &#8220;<a class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikisource:1911 Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\/Sta\u00ebl, Madame de\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica\/Sta%C3%ABl,_Madame_de\">Sta\u00ebl, Madame de<\/a>&#8220;. In Chisholm, Hugh.&nbsp;<i><a title=\"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Eleventh Edition\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition\">Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a><\/i>.&nbsp;<b>25<\/b>&nbsp;(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;750\u2013752.<\/cite><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_6068\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"6068\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anne Louise Germaine de Sta\u00ebl-Holstein&nbsp;(French:&nbsp;[stal]; n\u00e9e&nbsp;Necker; 22 April 1766&nbsp;\u2013 14 July 1817), commonly known as&nbsp;Madame de Sta\u00ebl, was a French woman of letters of&nbsp;Genevan&nbsp;origin[1]&nbsp;whose lifetime overlapped with the events of the&nbsp;French Revolution&nbsp;and the&nbsp;Napoleonic era. For many years she lived as an exile under the&nbsp;Reign of Terror&nbsp;and under Napoleonic persecution. Known as a witty and brilliant &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/germaine-de-stael\/\" class=\"more-link\">Lees verder <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Germaine de Sta\u00ebl<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_6068\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"6068\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6068","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Germaine de Sta\u00ebl - Taco Tichelaar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/germaine-de-stael\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nl_NL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Germaine de Sta\u00ebl\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Anne Louise Germaine de Sta\u00ebl-Holstein&nbsp;(French:&nbsp;[stal]; n\u00e9e&nbsp;Necker; 22 April 1766&nbsp;\u2013 14 July 1817), commonly known as&nbsp;Madame de Sta\u00ebl, was a French woman of letters of&nbsp;Genevan&nbsp;origin[1]&nbsp;whose lifetime overlapped with the events of the&nbsp;French Revolution&nbsp;and the&nbsp;Napoleonic era. 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