{"id":7409,"date":"2021-02-07T07:21:32","date_gmt":"2021-02-07T05:21:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/?page_id=7409"},"modified":"2021-02-07T07:47:28","modified_gmt":"2021-02-07T05:47:28","slug":"amadigi-di-gaula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/amadigi-di-gaula\/","title":{"rendered":"Amadigi di Gaula"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i><b>Amadigi di Gaula<\/b><\/i>&nbsp;(<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"HWV\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HWV\">HWV<\/a>&nbsp;11) is a &#8220;magic&#8221; opera in three acts, with music by&nbsp;<a title=\"George Frideric Handel\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Frideric_Handel\">George Frideric Handel<\/a>. It was the fifth&nbsp;<a title=\"Italian opera\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_opera\">Italian opera<\/a>&nbsp;that Handel wrote for an English theatre and the second he wrote for&nbsp;<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington\">Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington<\/a>&nbsp;composed during his stay at&nbsp;<a title=\"Burlington House\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burlington_House\">Burlington House<\/a> in 1715. The opera about a damsel in distress is based on <i><a title=\"Amadis de Gr\u00e8ce\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadis_de_Gr%C3%A8ce\">Amadis de Gr\u00e8ce<\/a><\/i>, a French&nbsp;<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique\">trag\u00e9die-lyrique<\/a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;<a title=\"Andr\u00e9 Cardinal Destouches\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andr%C3%A9_Cardinal_Destouches\">Andr\u00e9 Cardinal Destouches<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a title=\"Antoine Houdar de la Motte\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antoine_Houdar_de_la_Motte\">Antoine Houdar de la Motte<\/a>.&nbsp;<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Burney\">Charles Burney<\/a>&nbsp;maintained near the end of the eighteenth century,&nbsp;<i>Amadigi<\/i>&nbsp;contained &#8220;&#8230;more invention, variety and good composition, than in any one of the musical dramas of Handel which I have yet carefully and critically examined&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-operaconbrio_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-operaconbrio-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 475px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/42\/Ceskystage.jpg\/260px-Ceskystage.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"356\"><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baroque theatre in Cesky Krumlov<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The opera received its first performance in London at the&nbsp;<a title=\"Her Majesty's Theatre\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre\">King&#8217;s Theatre<\/a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Haymarket (London)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haymarket_(London)\">Haymarket<\/a>&nbsp;on 25 May 1715. Handel made prominent use of wind instruments, so the score is unusually colorful, and at points resembles the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Water Music (Handel)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_Music_(Handel)\">Water Music<\/a>, which he composed only a few years later.&nbsp;<i>Amadigi<\/i>, written for a small cast, employs no voices lower than&nbsp;<a title=\"Alto\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alto\">alto<\/a>&nbsp;and it ends in a&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Minor key\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minor_key\">minor key<\/a>. Exceptional care was lavished on the production. The opera was a success and received a known minimum of 17 further performances in London through 1717.<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contents<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Composition history<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Performance history<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Roles<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Setting<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Synopsis<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Act 1<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Act 2<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Act 3<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Recordings<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">References<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-11\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8 <\/span><span class=\"toctext\">External links<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Composition_history\" class=\"mw-headline\">Composition history<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The identity of the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Librettist\">librettist<\/a>&nbsp;is not known for certain.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dean_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-Dean-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Crow_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-Crow-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Previous consensus had been that&nbsp;<a title=\"John James Heidegger\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_James_Heidegger\">John Jacob Heidegger<\/a>, who signed the dedication to&nbsp;<a title=\"Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington\">Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington<\/a>&nbsp;was the author,<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;but more recent research has indicated that the librettist was more likely to be&nbsp;<a title=\"Giacomo Rossi\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giacomo_Rossi\">Giacomo Rossi<\/a>, with&nbsp;<a title=\"Nicola Francesco Haym\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicola_Francesco_Haym\">Nicola Francesco Haym<\/a>&nbsp;as a more probable candidate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;This libretto is an adaptation of a medieval Spanish&nbsp;<a title=\"Knight-errant\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knight-errant\">knight-errantry<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Epic (genre)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epic_(genre)\">epic<\/a>&nbsp;<i><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Amadis de Gaula\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadis_de_Gaula\">Amadis de Gaula<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;in which the King of&nbsp;<a title=\"Gaul\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaul\">Gaul<\/a>, educated in Scotland, falls in love with and eventually marries Oriana, daughter of the King of England.<\/p>\n<p>David Kimbell compared in detail the treatments of the story by Handel and Destouches.<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>What interested Handel was the emotions and the sufferings of the four characters.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;not the descriptive effects of his later &#8220;magic&#8221; operas. The sole preoccupation of each of the protagonists is to make the others fall in or out of love with them. Handel went deeper into their sentiments than he ever would again.<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In act 2 Amadigi addresses the Fountain of True Love in a long&nbsp;<a title=\"Cavatina\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cavatina\">cavatina<\/a>&nbsp;of the utmost sensuous beauty. This scene was famous originally for its spectacular effects. The &#8220;coup de theatre&#8221; then was the use of a real fountain spraying real water. The scene employed a large number of stage engineers and plumbers, among other things, such that the following newspaper announcement appeared on the day of the premiere: &#8220;whereas there is a great many Scenes and Machines to be mov\u2019d in this Opera, which cannot be done if persons should stand upon the Stage (where they could not be without Danger), it is therefore hop\u2019d no Body, even the Subscribers, will take ill that they must be deny\u2019d Entrance on the Stage&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>According to&nbsp;<a title=\"Winton Dean\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winton_Dean\">Winton Dean<\/a>&nbsp;the quality of the score, especially the first two acts, is remarkably high, but it shows less careful organization than most of the later operas. He also states that the tonal design seems off balance. The conception of an opera as a coherent structural organism was slow to capture Handel&#8217;s imagination.<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-11\">[11] <\/a><\/sup>For five years he did not compose another opera.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 466px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a class=\"image\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burlington_House_1698-99.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Burlington_House_1698-99.jpg\/250px-Burlington_House_1698-99.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"466\" height=\"378\" data-file-width=\"933\" data-file-height=\"758\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Burlington House in the 1690s<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The original manuscript of&nbsp;<i>Amadigi<\/i>&nbsp;has disappeared, along with ballet sections in the music. Only one edition of the&nbsp;<a title=\"Libretto\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libretto\">libretto<\/a>&nbsp;is known, dating from 1715. Two published editions of the opera exist, the H\u00e4ndelgesellschaft edition of 1874, and the first&nbsp;<a title=\"Critical edition (opera)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critical_edition_(opera)\">critical edition<\/a>, by&nbsp;<a title=\"J. Merrill Knapp\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Merrill_Knapp\">J. Merrill Knapp<\/a>, which&nbsp;<a title=\"B\u00e4renreiter\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%C3%A4renreiter\">B\u00e4renreiter<\/a>&nbsp;published in 1971.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Crow_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-Crow-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Dean has examined the history of various manuscripts which contain alternative selections for the score.<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The opera is scored for two recorders, two oboes, bassoon, trumpet, strings, and&nbsp;<a title=\"Figured bass\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Figured_bass\">basso continuo<\/a>&nbsp;(cello, lute, harpsichord).<\/p>\n<p>The singer Elisabetta Pilotti-Schiavonetti in the role of Melissa, who specialised in playing sorceresses, and for whom Handel had written the similar parts of the witch-like Armida in&nbsp;<i><a title=\"Rinaldo (opera)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rinaldo_(opera)\">Rinaldo<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;and Medea in&nbsp;<i><a title=\"Teseo\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teseo\">Teseo<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;is distinguished in Handel&#8217;s music between her vengeful character and that of the other leading female part, the sweet Princess Oriana.<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Performance_history\" class=\"mw-headline\">Performance history<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Anastasia_Robinson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/50\/Anastasia_Robinson.jpg\/200px-Anastasia_Robinson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"247\" data-file-width=\"525\" data-file-height=\"648\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anastasia Robinson, who created the role of Oriana<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">Hamburg saw 17 performances from 1717 to 1720, but with a different title, <i>Oriana<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Crow_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-Crow-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The opera then fell into neglect and was not revived until 1929 in&nbsp;<a title=\"Osnabr\u00fcck\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osnabr%C3%BCck\">Osnabr\u00fcck<\/a>&nbsp;and subsequently in England in 1968, by Unicorn Opera at the&nbsp;<a title=\"Abingdon Abbey\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abingdon_Abbey\">Abbey Hall<\/a>, Abingdon, Oxfordshire.<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;With the revival of interest in Baroque music and&nbsp;<a title=\"Historically informed performance\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historically_informed_performance\">historically informed musical performance<\/a>&nbsp;since the 1960s,&nbsp;<i>Amadigi di Gaula<\/i>, like all Handel operas, receives performances at festivals and opera houses today.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Institute_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-Institute-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Among other performances, the opera received its North American premiere in March 2003 at&nbsp;<a title=\"University of Western Ontario\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Western_Ontario\">Western University<\/a>&#8216;s&nbsp;<a title=\"Don Wright Faculty of Music\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Don_Wright_Faculty_of_Music\">Don Wright Faculty of Music<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and the first fully staged production in North America was in July 2011 at&nbsp;<a title=\"Central City Opera\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_City_Opera\">Central City Opera<\/a>&nbsp;in Central City, Colorado.<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;A production of&nbsp;<i>Amadigi di Gaula<\/i>&nbsp;was seen at the&nbsp;<a title=\"G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%B6ttingen_International_Handel_Festival\">G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival<\/a>&nbsp;in 2012<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and the opera received a production by Haymarket Opera, Chicago in 2015.<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The French Baroque performing group Les Paladins created a production of the piece in 2019 which was performed in a number of theatres including the&nbsp;<a title=\"Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e\">Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l&#8217;Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e<\/a>, Paris.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15_June_2020_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-15_June_2020-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Roles\" class=\"mw-headline\">Roles<\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<caption><span class=\"sr-only\">Roles, voice types, and premiere cast<\/span><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th><a title=\"Voice type\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voice_type\">Voice type<\/a><\/th>\n<th>Premiere Cast, 25 May 1715<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Amadigi<\/td>\n<td><a title=\"Alto\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alto\">alto<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Castrato\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castrato\">castrato<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nicolo Grimaldi\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicolo_Grimaldi\">Nicolo Grimaldi<\/a>&nbsp;(&#8220;Nicolini&#8221;)<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oriana<\/td>\n<td><a title=\"Soprano\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soprano\">soprano<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a title=\"Anastasia Robinson\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anastasia_Robinson\">Anastasia Robinson<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Melissa<\/td>\n<td>soprano<\/td>\n<td><a title=\"Elisabetta Pilotti-Schiavonetti\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elisabetta_Pilotti-Schiavonetti\">Elisabetta Pilotti-Schiavonetti<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dardano<\/td>\n<td><a title=\"Contralto\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contralto\">contralto<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Diana Vico<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Orgando<\/td>\n<td>soprano<\/td>\n<td>(unknown)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span id=\"Setting\" class=\"mw-headline\">Setting<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 481px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a class=\"image\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e7\/Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg\/250px-Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"364\" data-file-width=\"758\" data-file-height=\"572\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A&nbsp;Masquerade ball&nbsp;at the&nbsp;King&#8217;s Theatre, Haymarket (c. 1724)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Amadis de Gaula\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadis_de_Gaula\">Amadis de Gaula<\/a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;<a title=\"Garci Rodr\u00edguez de Montalvo\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garci_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Montalvo\">Garci Rodr\u00edguez de Montalvo<\/a>&nbsp;is a prose pastoral romance written towards the close of the fourteenth century. Like any romance of chivalry, Amad\u00eds de Gaula is a nightmare to summarise owing to its length, numerous characters and complicated subplots. The work has a complicated history.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Oriana was heiress to the throne of England. Amadis of&nbsp;<a title=\"Gaul\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaul\">Gaul<\/a>&nbsp;is a prince born of a secret amour, educated in Scotland, reared as a knight, and serving devotedly the fair English princess Oriana. For her sake he contends against monsters and enchantments, and defends her father&#8217;s kingdom from an oppressor. Richard B. Beams wrote:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\"><p>&#8220;<i>The sorceress Melissa, infatuated with Amadigi, has imprisoned Oriana in a tower and both Amadigi and Dardano in her garden. After various deceptions, visions, and trials, the two lovers, Amadigi and Oriana, are finally united. Before then, Amadigi will slay Dardano, his companion turned rival, and Melissa, will stab herself finding her supernatural powers impotent against the power of love.&#8221;<\/i><sup id=\"cite_ref-operaconbrio_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-operaconbrio-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The plot ranges across the continent to&nbsp;<a title=\"Romania\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romania\">Romania<\/a>&nbsp;and Constantinople, and in the continuations as far as the&nbsp;<a title=\"Holy Land\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holy_Land\">Holy Land<\/a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a title=\"Cyclades\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclades\">Cyclades<\/a>. However, the romance&#8217;s geography cannot be mapped onto the &#8220;real&#8221; Europe: it contains just as many fantastic places as real ones.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\"><p>&#8220;<i>When the Spaniards first saw Mexico, they said to each other it was like the places of enchantment which were spoken of in the book of Amadis. This was in 1549.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Historically,&nbsp;Amad\u00eds&nbsp;was very influential amongst the Spanish&nbsp;<a title=\"Conquistador\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquistador\">conquistadores<\/a>.&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bernal Diaz del Castillo\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernal_Diaz_del_Castillo\">Bernal Diaz del Castillo<\/a>&nbsp;mentioned the wonders of&nbsp;Amad\u00eds&nbsp;upon witnessing the wonders of the New World \u2013 and such place names as&nbsp;<a title=\"Origin of the name California\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Origin_of_the_name_California\">California<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a title=\"Patagonia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patagonia\">Patagonia<\/a>&nbsp;come directly from the work.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Synopsis\" class=\"mw-headline\">Synopsis<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<figure style=\"width: 487px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a class=\"image\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amad%C3%ADs_de_Gaula_(Zaragoza,_1508).jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/99\/Amad%C3%ADs_de_Gaula_%28Zaragoza%2C_1508%29.jpg\/250px-Amad%C3%ADs_de_Gaula_%28Zaragoza%2C_1508%29.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"487\" height=\"801\" data-file-width=\"487\" data-file-height=\"800\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8216;Amad\u00eds de Gaula&nbsp;by&nbsp;Garci Rodr\u00edguez de Montalvo, printed in&nbsp;Zaragoza&nbsp;by Jorge Coci (1508).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Act_1\" class=\"mw-headline\">Act 1<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Amadigi, a&nbsp;<a title=\"Paladin\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paladin\">Paladin<\/a>, and Dardano, the Prince of&nbsp;<a title=\"Thrace\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thrace\">Thrace<\/a>, are both enamoured with&nbsp;<a title=\"Oriana\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oriana\">Oriana<\/a>, the daughter of the King of the Fortunate Isles. Oriana prefers Amadigi in her affections. Also attracted to Amadigi is the sorceress&nbsp;<a title=\"Melissa\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melissa\">Melissa<\/a>, who tries to capture Amadigi&#8217;s affections by various spells, pleadings and even threats. Amadigi confronts various spirits and furies, but rebuffs them at practically every turn. One particular vision at the &#8220;Fountain of True Love&#8221;, however, of Oriana courting Dardano upsets Amadigi to the point that he faints. Oriana sees Amadigi prostrate, and is about to stab herself with his sword when he awakens. He immediately berates her for her apparent betrayal of him, and in his turn tries to stab himself.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Act_2\" class=\"mw-headline\">Act 2<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Still alive, Amadigi continues to resist the advances of Melissa. Melissa then makes Dardano look like Amadigi, to deceive Oriana. Oriana follows Dardano, in the visage of Amadigi, to beg his pardon. Dardano exults in the attention of Oriana, and in an impulsive moment, challenges Amadigi to single combat. In the duel, Amadigi kills Dardano. Melissa accuses Oriana of stealing Amadigi from her, and calls upon dark spirits to assault Oriana, who resists all of Melissa&#8217;s incantations.<\/p>\n<p>Dardano&#8217;s celebrated aria&nbsp;<i>Pena tiranna io sento al core<\/i>&nbsp;from Act 2 is notable for its prominent&nbsp;<a title=\"Bassoon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bassoon\">bassoon<\/a>&nbsp;part and its chord sequence based on the&nbsp;<a title=\"Circle of fifths\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circle_of_fifths\">circle of fifths<\/a>&nbsp;or, rather, circle of fourths. The introduction is shown in score as one of the&nbsp;<a title=\"Circle of fifths\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circle_of_fifths#Baroque_era\">Baroque examples<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Act_3\" class=\"mw-headline\">Act 3<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Amadigi and Oriana have been imprisoned by Melissa. The two lovers are willing to sacrifice themselves for each other. Though desirous of revenge, Melissa cannot quite yet kill Amadigi, but torments him by prolonging his confinement in chains. Amadigi and Oriana ask Melissa for mercy. Melissa summons the ghost of Dardano to assist her in her revenge, but the ghost says that the gods are predisposed to protect Amadigi and Oriana, and that their trials are nearly done. Rejected on all levels, by the gods, the underworld spirits and Amadigi, Melissa takes her own life, with one final plea to Amadigi to feel a shade of pity for her. In the manner of a&nbsp;<i><a title=\"Deus ex machina\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deus_ex_machina\">deus ex machina<\/a><\/i>, Orgando, uncle of Oriana and a sorcerer himself, descends from the sky in a chariot and blesses the union of Amadigi and Oriana. A dance of shepherds and shepherdesses concludes the opera.<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Recordings\" class=\"mw-headline\">Recordings<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Erato 2252 454902:&nbsp;<a title=\"Nathalie Stutzmann\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nathalie_Stutzmann\">Nathalie Stutzmann<\/a>,&nbsp;<a title=\"Bernarda Fink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernarda_Fink\">Bernarda Fink<\/a>, Eiddwhen Harrhy,&nbsp;<a title=\"Jennifer Smith (soprano)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jennifer_Smith_(soprano)\">Jennifer Smith<\/a>;&nbsp;<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Les_Musiciens_du_Louvre\">Les Musiciens du Louvre<\/a>;&nbsp;<a title=\"Marc Minkowski\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marc_Minkowski\">Marc Minkowski<\/a>, conductor<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_note-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Na\u00efve AM 133:&nbsp;<a title=\"Maria Riccarda Wesseling\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maria_Riccarda_Wesseling\">Maria Riccarda Wesseling<\/a>, Elena de la Merced, Sharon Rostorf-Zamir, Jordi Dom\u00e8nech;&nbsp;<a title=\"Al Ayre Espa\u00f1ol\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Ayre_Espa%C3%B1ol\">Al Ayre Espa\u00f1ol<\/a>;&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Eduardo Lopez Banzo\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eduardo_Lopez_Banzo\">Eduardo Lopez Banzo<\/a>. Release Date: 26 February 2008<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<dl>\n<dt>Notes<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<div class=\"reflist\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-operaconbrio-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-operaconbrio_1-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to:<\/span><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-operaconbrio_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Richard B. Beams,&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.operaconbrio.com\/Amadigi.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Handel\u2019s&nbsp;<i>Amadigi di Gaula<\/i>: Central City Opera Strikes Gold, July 2011&#8243;<\/a>&nbsp;on operaconbrio.com. Retrieved 18 June 2014<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-2\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Charles Burney:&nbsp;<i>A General History of Music: from the Earliest Ages to the Present Period.<\/i>&nbsp;Vol. 4, London 1789, reprint: Cambridge University Press 2010,&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/978-1-1080-1642-1\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-1080-1642-1\">978-1-1080-1642-1<\/a>, p. 255.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Dean-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-Dean_3-0\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a title=\"Winton Dean\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winton_Dean\">Dean, Winton<\/a>, &#8220;Handel&#8217;s&nbsp;<i>Amadigi<\/i>&#8220;,&nbsp;<i>The Musical Times<\/i>, April 1968,&nbsp;<b>109<\/b>&nbsp;(1502): pp. 324\u2013327.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Crow-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-Crow_4-0\"><span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to:<\/span><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-Crow_4-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-Crow_4-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Crow, Todd, Review of &#8220;Hallische H\u00e4ndel Ausgabe. Ser. II: Opern; Band 8:&nbsp;<i>Amadigi<\/i>, opera seria in tre atti&#8221; (edition prepared by&nbsp;<a title=\"J. Merrill Knapp\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Merrill_Knapp\">J. Merrill Knapp<\/a>) (June 1973).&nbsp;<i>Notes<\/i>&nbsp;(2nd Ser.),&nbsp;<b>29<\/b>(4): pp. 793\u2013794.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-5\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/17440\/17440-h\/17440-h.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Amadis of Gaul&#8221;<\/a>. Gutenberg.org. 1 January 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">12 October<\/span>&nbsp;2011<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-6\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Dean &amp; Knapp, p. 274.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-7\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Kimbell, David R.B., &#8220;The&nbsp;<i>Amadis<\/i>&nbsp;Operas of Destouches and Handel&#8221;,&nbsp;<i>Music &amp; Letters<\/i>, October 1968,&nbsp;<b>49<\/b>&nbsp;(4): pp. 329\u2013346.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-8\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Dean &amp; Knapp, p. 277.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-9\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Rouvi\u00e8re, O, &#8220;A musical map of the emotions&#8221;, p. 17, 2008 in booklet accompanying the recording by Al Ayre Espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-10\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Dean &amp; Knapp, p. 287.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-11\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Dean &amp; Knapp, p. 286.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-12\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Dean, Winton, &#8220;A New Source for Handel&#8217;s&nbsp;<i>Amadigi<\/i>&#8220;,&nbsp;<i>Music &amp; Letters<\/i>, February 1991,&nbsp;<b>72<\/b>&nbsp;(1): pp. 27\u201337.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-13\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFDean\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Dean, Winton.&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140714210600\/http:\/\/www.philharmonia.org\/winton-dean-on-teseo\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Winton Dean on Teseo&#8221;<\/a>. Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra. Archived from&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.philharmonia.org\/winton-dean-on-teseo\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 14 July 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">12 June<\/span>&nbsp;2014<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-14\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSadie1992\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a title=\"Stanley Sadie\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanley_Sadie\">Sadie, Stanley (ed)<\/a>&nbsp;(1992).&nbsp;<i>The&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New Grove Dictionary of Opera\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera\">New Grove Dictionary of Opera<\/a>, vol. 1 pp. 102\u20133<\/i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-522186-2\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-522186-2\"><bdi>978-0-19-522186-2<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Institute-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-Institute_15-0\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/gfhandel.org\/handel\/biography.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Handel:A Biographical Introduction&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<i>GF Handel.org<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">28 December<\/span>&nbsp;2016<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-16\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/communications.uwo.ca\/com\/media_newsroom\/media_memo\/warner_gives_the_gift_of_music_to_western_20030227438103\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Warner (Music Canada) Gives the Gift of Music to Western&#8221;<\/a>, 27 February 2003<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-17\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMacMillan2011\" class=\"citation news cs1\">MacMillan, Kyle (6 July 2011).&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.denverpost.com\/music\/ci_18421867\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Central City Opera brings to life the long-lost, spectacular score from &#8220;Amadigi<span class=\"cs1-kern-right\">&#8220;<\/span>&#8220;<\/a>.&nbsp;<i>The Denver Post<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">13 June<\/span>&nbsp;2014<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-18\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFCoghlan\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Coghlan, Alexandra.&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theartsdesk.com\/opera\/theartsdesk-gottingen-handel-festival-2012\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Handel Festival 2012&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<i>The Arts Desk<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">14 June<\/span>&nbsp;2014<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-19\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFRhein2015\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Rhein, John von (7 November 2015).&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.operaconbrio.com\/Lucio%20Cornelio%20Silla%20Oper%20Halle%202015.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Haymarket Opera showcases worthy Handel rarity &#8216;Amadigi<span class=\"cs1-kern-right\">&#8216;<\/span>&#8220;<\/a>&nbsp;<span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. Chicago Tribune<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">30 July<\/span>&nbsp;2016<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15_June_2020-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-15_June_2020_20-0\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFArden\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Arden, Charles.&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.olyrix.com\/articles\/production\/2741\/amadigi-haendel-correas-levy-les-paladins-25-janvier-2019-djelloul-legay-pondjiclis-ferreira-cotrez-pinaud-prats-garbit-vuillet-article-critique-chronique-compte-rendu-athenee-theatre-louis-jouvet\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Amadigi, le Paladin de Haendel par Les Paladins de Correas \u00e0 l&#8217;Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e &#8211; Actualit\u00e9s &#8211; \u00d4lyrix&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<i>Olyrix.com<\/i>&nbsp;(in French).<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-21\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">He sang eight newly composed&nbsp;<a title=\"Aria\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aria\">arias<\/a>&nbsp;and a&nbsp;<a title=\"Duet\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duet\">duet<\/a>&nbsp;with each of the&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Primadonna\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Primadonna\">primadonna<\/a>&#8216;s<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-22\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">She was taken ill after the first performance and had to be replaced (by Caterina Galerati?) for the remaining five performances<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-23\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\">Elisabetta Pilotti-Schiavonetti Biography \u2013 (d Hanover, 5 May 1742), Idaspe fedele, Rinaldo, Il pastor fido, Teseo, Amadigi, Antioco, Ambleto&nbsp;<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http:\/\/arts.jrank.org\/pages\/8674\/Elisabetta-Pilotti-Schiavonetti.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-24\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.spainthenandnow.com\/spanish-literature\/amadis-de-gaula-summary\/default_69.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Amadis of Gaul spainthenandnow&#8221;<\/a>. Spainthenandnow.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">12 October<\/span>&nbsp;2011<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-25\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111006085329\/http:\/\/www.donaldcorrell.com\/amadis\/preface.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Preface&#8221;<\/a>. Donaldcorrell.com. Archived from&nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.donaldcorrell.com\/amadis\/preface.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 6 October 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">12 October<\/span>&nbsp;2011<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-26\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/handelhendrix.org\/learn\/about-handel\/opera-synopses\/amadigi-di-gaula\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Handel House &#8211; Handel&#8217;s Operas: Amadigi di Gaula&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<i>Handel and Hendrix<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">15 June<\/span>&nbsp;2020<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-27\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><a title=\"Jonathan Freeman-Attwood\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Freeman-Attwood\">Freeman-Attwood, Jonathan<\/a>, &#8220;A Handelian Feast&#8221; (March 1992).&nbsp;<i>The Musical Times<\/i>,&nbsp;<b>133<\/b>(1789): pp. 131\u2013132.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a title=\"Jump up\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula#cite_ref-28\" aria-label=\"Jump up\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.monova.org\/details\/4073160\/HANDEL%20-%20AMADIGI%20DI%20GAULA,%20OPERA,%20HWV%2011.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#8220;Handel \u2013 Amadigi di Gaula, opera, HWV 11&#8221;<\/a>. Monova.org. 8 December 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class=\"nowrap\">12 October<\/span>&nbsp;2011<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>Cited sources<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<ul>\n<li>Dean, Winton and Knapp, J. Merrill,&nbsp;<i>Handel&#8217;s Operas, 1704\u20131726<\/i>. Clarendon Press, 1987&nbsp;<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/0-19-315219-3\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-19-315219-3\">0-19-315219-3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"External_links\" class=\"mw-headline\">External links<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.haendel.it\/composizioni\/libretti\/pdf\/amadigi.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Italian libretto.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/17440\/17440-h\/17440-h.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Italian libretto with contemporary English translation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"scores:Amadigi di Gaula, HWV 11 (Handel, George Frideric)\" href=\"https:\/\/imslp.org\/wiki\/Amadigi_di_Gaula,_HWV_11_(Handel,_George_Frideric)\">Amadigi di Gaula<\/a>: Scores at the&nbsp;<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Music_Score_Library_Project\">International Music Score Library Project<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_7409\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"7409\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Amadigi di Gaula&nbsp;(HWV&nbsp;11) is a &#8220;magic&#8221; opera in three acts, with music by&nbsp;George Frideric Handel. It was the fifth&nbsp;Italian opera&nbsp;that Handel wrote for an English theatre and the second he wrote for&nbsp;Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington&nbsp;composed during his stay at&nbsp;Burlington House in 1715. The opera about a damsel in distress is based on Amadis &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/amadigi-di-gaula\/\" class=\"more-link\">Lees verder <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Amadigi di Gaula<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_7409\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"7409\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7409","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Amadigi di Gaula - Taco Tichelaar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/amadigi-di-gaula\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nl_NL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Amadigi di Gaula\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Amadigi di Gaula&nbsp;(HWV&nbsp;11) is a &#8220;magic&#8221; opera in three acts, with music by&nbsp;George Frideric Handel. 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It was the fifth&nbsp;Italian opera&nbsp;that Handel wrote for an English theatre and the second he wrote for&nbsp;Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington&nbsp;composed during his stay at&nbsp;Burlington House in 1715. 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