\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u94f6\u884c\uff08\u8377\u5170\u8bed\uff1aAmsterdamsche Wisselbank\uff0c\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u662f “\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5916\u6c47\u94f6\u884c”\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u65e9\u671f\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u62c5\u4fdd\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1609\u5e74\u3002[2] \u4e0e\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u94f6\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d27\u5e01\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5145\u5f53\u8d37\u6b3e\u673a\u6784\uff08\u7d27\u6025\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u8d37\u6b3e\u9664\u5916\uff09\uff1b\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u786c\u5e01\u6807\u51c6\u3002Wisselbank\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u4f30\u8ba1\u786c\u5e01\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u8d2c\u503c\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\u3002[3] \u5b83\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u754c\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u652f\u4ed8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u3001\u9ad8\u6548\u548c\u53ef\u4fe1\u8d56\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u50a8\u5907\u8d27\u5e01–\u8377\u5170\u76fe\u3002[4] Wisselbank\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u745e\u5178\u94f6\u884c\uff081668\uff09\u548c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u94f6\u884c\uff081694\uff09\u3002\u5927\u536b-\u4f11\u8c1f\u8d5e\u626c\u4e86\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u94f6\u884c\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u767e\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5b58\u6b3e\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u653f\u7b56[5] \u3002<\/p>\n
\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u5168\u989d\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u653f\u7b56\u6709\u6240\u653e\u677e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e3a\u6d77\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u5e76\u652f\u6301\u8377\u5170\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u8981\u6c42\u826f\u597d\u7684\u8d37\u6b3e\u62b5\u62bc\u54c1\u6765\u4fdd\u6301\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u968f\u7740\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u82f1\u8377\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u800c\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8377\u5170\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u62d6\u6b20\u4e86\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u65e0\u62c5\u4fdd\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u51e0\u6b21\u8bd5\u56fe\u8c03\u6574\u8d44\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4ece\u672a\u6062\u590d\u3002 [6] \u5728\u8054\u5408\u7701\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u540e\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u53731790\u5e74\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u6ea2\u4ef7\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u5230\u8be5\u5e74\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u5ba3\u5e03\u81ea\u5df1\u7834\u4ea7\u3002\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u57281791\u5e74\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002\u8377\u5170\u94f6\u884c\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1814\u5e74\uff0c\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8377\u5170\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u53d1\u884c\u804c\u8d23\uff0c\u800cWisselbank\u57281819\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u6e05\u7b97\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5185\u5bb9
\n1 \u4efb\u52a1
\n1.1 \u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa
\n1.2 1683\u5e74\u5f15\u5165\u6536\u636e\u5236\u5ea6
\n1.3 \u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa
\n1.4 1763\u5e748\u6708
\n2 \u91d1\u94f6\u548c\u786c\u5e01\u7684\u5b58\u6b3e
\n3 \u6536\u636e
\n4 \u94f6\u884c\u8d39\u7528
\n5 \u8d26\u7c3f
\n6 \u5931\u8d25
\n7 \u4e13\u5458
\n8 \u5907\u6ce8
\n9 \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e
\n10 \u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9605\u8bfb
\n11 \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5
\n\u4efb\u52a1<\/p>\n
\u8bc4\u4f30\u5e08\u6c49\u65af-\u8303-\u970d\u6839\u591a\u666e\u7684\u8096\u50cf\uff0c\u7531\u6258\u9a6c\u65af-\u5fb7-\u51ef\u6cfd\u5c14\uff081636\u5e74\uff09\u7ed8\u5236[7] \u3002
\n\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u94f6\u884c\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1609\u5e741\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u572817\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u7684500\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u786c\u5e01–\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u6216\u975e\u6cd5\u7684–\u90fd\u5728\u6d41\u901a\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u6c47\u7387\u7684\u826f\u597d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u786c\u5e01\u5151\u6362\u6210\u6210\u719f\u7684\u3001\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u8d27\u5e01[8][9] \u3002<\/p>\n
\u94f6\u884c\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u56db\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u786e\u4fdd\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4ef7\u503c
\n\u89e3\u51b3\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u652f\u4ed8\u95ee\u9898
\n\u901a\u8fc7\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u5168\u989d\u91d1\u94f6\u5e01\u4f9b\u5e94\u548c\u826f\u597d\u7684\u8bb0\u8d26\u5f0f\u8f6c\u8d26\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u652f\u4ed8
\n\u786e\u4fdd\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u5916\u6c47\u50a8\u5907\u4e0d\u53d7\u8f83\u8f7b\u8d27\u5e01\u6d8c\u5165\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[10]\u3002
\n\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u7531\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u51fa\u7684\u4e09\u4f4d\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u662f\u56db\u4f4d\u4e13\u5458\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002[11] \u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u540d\u4e13\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u5728\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u7763\u56db\u540d\u4f1a\u8ba1\u3001\u4e24\u540d\u6587\u5458\u548c\u4e00\u540d\u4ec6\u4eba\u3001\u56db\u540d\u8bb0\u8d26\u5458\u3001\u4e09\u540d\u6536\u6b3e\u5458\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u540d\u4ec6\u4eba\u3001\u62db\u5f85\u5458\u548c\u4e00\u540d\u5316\u9a8c\u5458\uff08\u5316\u9a8c\u5e08\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u8d35\u91d1\u5c5e\u548c\u94f8\u5e01\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u79d8\u5bc6\u3002 [a]\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8ba1\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4efb\u52a1\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u63a5\u6536\u4e66\u9762\u4ed8\u6b3e\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bb0\u8d26\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u5e73\u8861\u8d26\u76ee\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bb0\u8d26\u3002 [12]1715\u5e74\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u4e13\u5458\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6301\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u3002[10]\u4ece18\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5230\u672b\uff0c\u4e13\u5458\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u9f84\u4ece46\u5c81\u4e0b\u964d\u523033\u5c81\u3002[13]\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u4e13\u5458\u662f\u5546\u4eba\u6216\u94f6\u884c\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8d26\u6237\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u4fe1\u8d56\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e13\u5458\u4e0e\u8377\u5170\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\uff0813%\uff09\u6216\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\uff0815%\uff09\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u8d26\u6237\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa
\n\u53e6\u89c1\u3002\u8377\u5170\u76fe \u00a7 \u5386\u53f2
\n\u73b0\u4ee3\u516c\u53f8\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8377\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002[15] \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u6cbb\u7406\u4e89\u7aef[16] \u53d1\u751f\u57281609\u5e74\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8377\u5170\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\uff08VOC\uff09\u7684\u80a1\u4e1c\/\u6295\u8d44\u8005\uff08\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u662fIsaac Le Maire\uff09\u548c\u8463\u4e8b\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bb6\u6b63\u5f0f\u4e0a\u5e02\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u516c\u53f8\u3002 [17] \u57281609\u5e74\u548c1611\u5e74\uff0c\u52d2\u6885\u5c14\u662fWisselbank\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d26\u6237\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u3002[18] \u57281611\u5e74\u548c1620\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0cWisselbank\u7684\u8d26\u6237\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u6570\u91cf\u4ece708\u4eba\u589e\u52a0\u52301202\u4eba\u30021622\u5e74\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u94f6\u884c\u6388\u6743\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u8fdb\u884c\u9ec4\u91d1\u548c\u767d\u94f6\u4ea4\u6613\u3002<\/p>\n
Wisselbank\u53d1\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u5151\u6362\u7684\u8d27\u5e01–\u94f6\u884c\u76fe\uff0c\u4ece1619\u5e74\u8d77\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002[21] Lucien Gillard\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u76fe\uff08le florin europ\u00e9en\uff09\uff0c[22] \u800c\u4e9a\u5f53-\u65af\u5bc6\u7528\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u7bc7\u5e45\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u94f6\u884c\u76fe\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002 [23] 1628\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u4ece\u4e16\u754c\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u8d2d\u4e70\u9ec4\u91d1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u76f4\u63a5\u8131\u58f3\u8f6c\u5356\u7ed9VOC\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u83b7\u5229\u3002 [24] 1631\u5e74\u300a\u8d1d\u74e6\u5c14\u5fb7\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728Jean Hoeufft\u548cWisselbank\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u745e\u5178\u519b\u961f\u30021641\u5e74\uff0cWisselbank\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8377\u5170\u94f8\u9020\u7684\u675c\u5361\u987f\u548c\u5e15\u5854\u8d21\u4f5c\u4e3a\u94f6\u884c\u8d27\u5e01\u3002[25][26] \u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u51b3\u5b9a\u9009\u62e9\u94f6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9ec4\u91d1\u3002<\/p>\n
16\u78c5\u94f6\u6761\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u6ce2\u6258\u897f\u77ff\u533a
\n\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u62e5\u6709\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5b58\u6b3e\u63d0\u4f9b\u62c5\u4fdd\uff0c\u4ece\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u53ef\u89c2\u7684\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8981\u5bf9\u635f\u5931\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002[d] \u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u652f\u6301\u8fc7\u8377\u5170\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4f46\u57281637\u5e74\uff0cStadsbank van Lening\u5374\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u3002 [30]\u5b83\u5411\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u6d77\u519b\u90e8\u548c\u6069\u594e\u68ee\u3001\u54c8\u5fb7\u97e6\u514b\u3001\u574e\u5f6d\u3001\u6885\u767b\u5e03\u5229\u514b\u3001\u5179\u6c83\u52d2\u548c\u4e4c\u5f97\u52d2\u652f\u7684\u9020\u5e01\u5382\u5382\u957f\u63d0\u4f9b\u79c1\u4eba\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002 [31]1645\u5e74\uff0c\u5728Wisselbank\u7684\u8d26\u7c3f\u4e2d\uff0cCoymans\u516c\u53f8\u662f\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u6700\u5927\u8d26\u6237\u6301\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u8425\u4e1a\u989d\u8d85\u8fc7400\u4e07\u76fe\u30021666\u5e74\uff0cJan de Neufville\uff081613-1663\uff09\u548cCoymans\u516c\u53f8\u5206\u522b\u5728\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39Wisselbank\u7ed3\u7b97\u4e86350\u591a\u4e07\u76fe\u3002[33] 1672\u5e74\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u82f1\u8377\u6218\u4e89\uff09\uff0c\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u94f6\u884c\u88ab\u60f3\u8981\u53d6\u94b1\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8d26\u6237\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u51b2\u51fb\u3002\u884c\u653f\u957f\u5b98\u4eec\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u5b58\u653e\u94b1\u7684\u5730\u7a96\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u94b1\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u52a8\u5730\u8eba\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u4e00\u6837\u3002[34] \u7ea6\u7ff0-\u60e0\u5fb7\u79d1\u73c0\u3001\u743c-\u76d6\u5c14\u6587\u514b\u53ca\u5176\u7236\u4eb2\u79d1\u5185\u5229\u65af-\u76d6\u5c14\u6587\u514b\u662f\u707e\u96be\u5e74\u7684\u4e13\u5458\u3002\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u7ef4\u585e\u5c14\u94f6\u884c\u8bb0\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u7b14\u635f\u5931[35][36] \u3002<\/p>\n
\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u8377\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u300a\u660e\u65af\u7279\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u6765\u81ea\u52a0\u7684\u65af\u548c\u6ce2\u6258\u897f\u7684\u767d\u94f6\u62b5\u8fbe\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u3002\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5411\u7701\u7ea7\u548c\u5404\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u94f8\u5e01\u5382\u63d0\u4f9b\u767d\u94f6\u3002\u4ece\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u5e93\u5b58\u7684\u767d\u94f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u94f6\u672c\u4f4d\u5236\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u800c\u5177\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002(1657\u5e748\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002 \u50cfrijksdaalder\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5143\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u94f6\u5e01\u5728\u65e7\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ef4\u4e9a\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u5728\u9999\u6599\u7fa4\u5c9b\u548c\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u53d7\u5230\u9752\u7750\uff0c\u5e76\u51fa\u53e3\u83b7\u5229\u3002 [37] \u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u6bcf\u7b14\u8d37\u6b3e\u7ed9\u4e88\u7279\u522b\u8bb8\u53ef\u30021682\u5e7410\u67085\u65e5\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u914d170\u4e07\u94f6\u884c\u76fe\u3002[f]1683\u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17-\u8303-\u65af\u6c83\u5c14\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7763\uff1b\u4ed6\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u57281656\u5e74\u81f31678\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u662f\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5458\uff08\u4f20\u4ee4\u5458\uff1f\u6e05\u671d\u57281683\u5e74\u706d\u4ea1\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u6e7e\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6709\u6240\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002[39] \u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u4ece\u4e8b\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff08\u548c\u9a6c\u5c3c\u62c9\uff09\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u70ed\u95e8\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n
1683\u5e74\u5f15\u5165\u6536\u636e\u5236\u5ea6
\n\u5b58\u6b3e\u4eba\u6536\u5230\u4e00\u5f20\u4ee5\u6301\u7968\u4eba\u540d\u4e49\u5f00\u51fa\u7684 “\u6536\u636e”\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6709\u6743\u5728\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u518d\u6b21\u53d6\u51fa\u6240\u5b58\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u652f\u4ed8\u516b\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u94f6\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u5b58\u5165\u5b58\u6b3e\u65f6\u8bb0\u5728\u4ed6\u540d\u4e0b\u7684\u90a3\u7b14\u94f6\u884c\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6536\u636e\u5236\u5ea6\u66fe\u57281638\u5e74\u548c1656\u5e74\u5728\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u77ed\u671f\u91c7\u7528\u8fc7\uff1b1683\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u60f3\u4ece\u94f6\u884c\u83b7\u5f97\u67d0\u79cd\u786c\u5e01\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u9700\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e00\u5f20\u6536\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6536\u636e\u4e3a\u94f6\u884c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u8d35\u91d1\u5c5e\u4f9b\u5e94\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u65b0\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u6536\u636e\u4f7f\u8d26\u6237\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1……\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u5bf9\u51b2\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u3002[41] \u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u94f6\u884c\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6cd5\u5b9a\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u786c\u5e01\u7ade\u4e89\u30021683\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u7ecf\u5e38\u548c\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5e72\u9884[42][43] \u3002
\n\u901a\u8fc71684\u5e744\u670816\u65e5\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u4e13\u5458\u4eec\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u5bf9\u767d\u94f6\u548c\u94f6\u5e01\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u91d1\u5320\u3001\u94f6\u5320\u548c\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u5916\u56fd\u83b7\u5f97\u91d1\u5c5e\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9644\u6709\u94f6\u884c\u4e13\u5458\u51fa\u5177\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u5141\u8bb8\u51fa\u53e3\u672a\u52a0\u5de5\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u547d\u4ee4\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u538b\u5236\u8d35\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u5151\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n
1686\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5c06\u767d\u94f6\u8d2c\u503c\u224820%\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u53cc\u5e01\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\uff08plata nueva\u548cplata viega\uff09\u30021688\u5e74\uff0cWisselbank\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6062\u590d\u3002 [45] 1689\u5e74\uff0cAlbert Geelvinck\u5728\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u8377\u5170\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u82cf\u91cc\u5357\u534f\u4f1a\u4efb\u804c\uff0c\u5e76\u62c5\u4efbWisselbank\u7684\u4e13\u5458\uff1b[46] \u4ed6\u7684\u5144\u5f1fJoan Geelvinck\uff081644-1707\uff09\uff0c\u524d\u4e13\u5458\uff0c\u6210\u4e3aVOC\u7684\u7ecf\u7406\u30021693\u5e74\uff0c\u8d6b\u4f26\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u743c-\u60e0\u5fb7\u79d1\u73c0\u63a5\u66ff\u4ed6\u7684\u59d0\u592b\u743c-\u79d1\u4f0a\u66fc\u65af\u62c5\u4efb\u4e13\u5458\u3002\u79d1\u5185\u5229\u65af-\u535a\u65af-\u8303\u97e6\u4f26\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u82cf\u91cc\u5357\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u7ecf\u7406\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u4e13\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n
\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6c47\u7387\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u8d44\u672c\u7ba1\u5236\u548c\u4f4e\u5229\u7387\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u5176\u5e02\u573a\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u94f6\u884c\u5f17\u7f57\u6797\u67d0\u79cd “\u50a8\u5907\u8d27\u5e01 “\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5f00\u51fa\u7684\u6c47\u7968\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u77ed\u671f\u4fe1\u8d37\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6b27\u6d32\u5546\u4e1a\u57ce\u5e02\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u5f17\u7f57\u6797\u94f6\u884c\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u5546\u4e1a\u4ea4\u6613\u7684’\u53c2\u8003’\u8bb0\u8d26\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u4f18\u8d28\u7968\u636e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u3001\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u50a8\u5b58”\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa
\n\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0cVOC\u4e0d\u518d\u76f4\u63a5\u4eceWisselbank\u83b7\u5f97\u6240\u9700\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u548c\u767d\u94f6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u79c1\u4eba\u9274\u5b9a\u5e08\u548c\u94f8\u5e01\u5e08\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u83b7\u5f97\u30021711\u5e741\u6708\uff0cAnthoni\u548cJohannes Grill (III)\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u5316\u9a8c\u5458\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4ece\u4e8b\u94b1\u5e01\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u7ecf\u8425\u94dc\u677f\u548c\u94c1[51]\uff0c\u5e76\u57281722\u5e74\u81f31731\u5e74\u95f4\u5411\u8377\u5170\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u94f6\u952d[52]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9664\u4e86\u91d1\u94f6\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cVOC\u7684\u8239\u53ea\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5e26\u7740\u94f6\u6761\u548c\u91d1\u5e01\u9a76\u5411\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u4ed8\u4e9a\u6d32\u8d27\u7269\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u94f6\u6761\u662f\u5728\u79c1\u4eba\u5de5\u5382\u91cc\uff0c\u7531\u5316\u9a8c\u5458\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u7528\u878d\u5316\u7684\u786c\u5e01\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684 “\u96f7\u4e9a\u5c14 “\u94f8\u9020\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5230\u4e86\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u94f6\u6761\u88ab\u7194\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u518d\u6b21\u94f8\u6210\u5362\u6bd4\u7b49\u786c\u5e01\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\u4f7f\u7528[54] \u3002<\/p>\n
1660\u5e74\u81f31720\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u767d\u94f6\u7684\u5e74\u4ea7\u91cf\u6ca1\u6709\u6216\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u3002[55]\u8fd8\u662f\u50cf\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u57281720\u5e74\u548c1740\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u767d\u94f6\u7684\u5e74\u4ea7\u91cf\u7a33\u6b65\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5931\u8bef\uff1f [56]\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u5e93\u5b58\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u6709\u5229\u65f6\u673a\u5927\u91cf\u8d2d\u4e70\u6216\u4ee5\u8f83\u9ad8\u4ef7\u683c\u6218\u80dc\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u3002 [57] \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u738b\u4f4d\u7ee7\u627f\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u94f8\u5e01\u5382\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u8d2c\u503c\u7684\u767d\u94f6\uff1b\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u503a\u52a1\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5904\u7406\u91d1\u94f6\u77ed\u7f3a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u52b3\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff09\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u7eb8\u5e01\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7eb8\u5e01 “\u5927\u89c4\u6a21 “\u5730\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u5b9e\u7269\uff08\u91d1\u94f6\uff09\u30021721\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u8377\u5170\u4ece\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u94b1\u6bd4\u6cd5\u56fd\u8fd8\u591a\u3002[58] 1721\u5e74\uff0c\u67092918\u4e2a\u8d26\u6237\u6301\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u94f6\u884c\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u3002[59] \u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5b89\u5fb7\u91cc\u65af-\u4f69\u5c14\u65af\uff0c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u90fd\u6709\u4ea4\u6613\u3002[g] \u82f1\u56fd\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u91d1\u672c\u4f4d\uff08\u5e76\u63d0\u53d6\u4e86\u94f6\u5b50\uff08\u514b\u6717\u3001\u5148\u4ee4\u548c\u516d\u4fbf\u58eb\uff09\u3002
\n\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9ec4\u91d1\u6d41\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u767d\u94f6\u6d41\u5411\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f4e\u5ec9\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u8d2d\u4e70\u767d\u94f6\uff0c\u8fd0\u5f80\u4e9a\u6d32\u3002\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u767d\u94f6\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u6bd4\u5728\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u8981\u5f3a\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u767d\u94f6\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a00\u7f3a\u548c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u767d\u94f6\u8fc7\u5269\u4e5f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u767d\u94f6\u9700\u6c42\u800c\u5728\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5bfb\u6c42\u5e87\u62a4[60] \u3002<\/p>\n
\u8377\u5170\uff0c\u4e4c\u5f97\u52d2\u652f\uff0c1724\u5e74\u7684\u91d1\u5e01\uff0c\u4eceVOC\u7684Akerendam\u8239\u4e0a\u627e\u5230\u7684\u3002
\n\u4ece1713\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5229\u6da6[h]\u3002[i] \u300a\u4e4c\u5f97\u52d2\u652f\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u8fc7\u4e86\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u897f\u73ed\u7259-\u7f8e\u56fd\u94f6\u5e01\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u5e94\u624d\u6062\u590d\u5230\u6b63\u5e38\u6c34\u5e73\u30021714\/1715\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u6536\u5230\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u56fd\u65e7\u5e01\uff0c\u5982\u76ae\u65af\u6258\u5c14\u3002[61] 1722\u5e74\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u4e2d\u50a8\u5b58\u7684\u8d35\u91d1\u5c5e\u4ef7\u503c\u8fbe2600\u4e07\u3002\u76ae\u65af\u6258\u5c14\u88ab\u7194\u5316\u6210\u952d\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u51fa\u552e\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u76f4\u52301725\u5e74\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u5229\u6da6\u7684\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e10\u540d\u5316\u9a8c\u5458\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002[62] \u968f\u540e\uff0c\u57281730\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u5e94\u91cf\u6025\u5267\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u76f4\u52301737\u5e741\u6708\u8fbe\u5230\u8d85\u8fc71500\u4e07\u76fe\u7684\u60ca\u4eba\u6570\u989d\u3002\u4e0e1720\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6cd5\u56fd\u8d27\u5e01\u5728\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u4f9b\u5e94\u603b\u91cf\u4e2d\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u5230\u4e86\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8d27\u5e01\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5143\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u91d1\u5e01\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u8d27\u5e01\u3002<\/p>\n
\u57281726-1751\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u94f8\u5e01\u5382\u751f\u4ea7\u4e86\u5370\u6709VOC\u5b57\u6837\u7684\u94f6\u91d1\u5e01\u3002[63] 1729\u5e74\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u5546\u4eba\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u8fdb\u5165\u5e7f\u5dde\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8857\u533a\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u516b\u5bb6\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u662f\u5341\u4e09\u5bb6\u5de5\u5382\u3002[64] \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u767d\u94f6\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u52a8\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8336\u53f6\u3001\u4e1d\u7ef8\u3001\u68c9\u82b1\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9676\u74f7\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u7ed9\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u5e9c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u8d64\u5b57\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u8feb\u5192\u7740\u767d\u94f6\u8d64\u5b57\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u5411\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u4f9b\u8d27\u3002[65] 1736\u5e74\u81f31745\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0cVOC\u4ece\u94f6\u884c\u501f\u4e86\u8fd15000\u4e07\u6cd5\u90ce\u3002[66] \u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0cWisselbank\u662f\u4e9a\u6d32\u73b0\u91d1\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 [67] \u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c85%\u7684VOC\u8d35\u91d1\u5c5e\uff08\u9ec4\u91d1\u548c\u767d\u94f6\uff09\u6d41\u5411\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u3002 [68] \u8fd9\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u6570\u91cf\u3002 [69] \u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u94f6\u884c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u91cc\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u91d1\u94f6\u5927\u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u5176\u6536\u636e\u5f88\u5c11\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u8fc7\u671f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u843d\u5165\u94f6\u884c\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u65af-\u9a6c\u6839\u65af\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u6bd4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u90bb\u56fd\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u6362\u53d6\u767d\u94f6[70]\u3002<\/p>\n
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1755\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u8d38\u6613\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300b\u5728\u4f5c\u8005\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7-\u574e\u8482\u9686\u53bb\u4e16\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n
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1763\u5e748\u6708
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\n\u786c\u5e01\u5b58\u6b3e\u53ea\u5360\u94f6\u884c\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8d44\u672c\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u91d1\u94f6\u6761\u7684\u5b58\u6b3e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u91d1\u94f6\u6761\u6ca1\u6709\u8d2c\u503c\uff0c\u4e0e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6d41\u901a\u786c\u5e01\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u94f6\u884c\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u786c\u5e01\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u4fe1\u8d37\u548c\u6536\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u5e76\u6536\u53d60.25%\u7684\u4fdd\u7ba1\u8d39\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6536\u636e\u5f80\u5f80\u6ca1\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b58\u6b3e\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u843d\u5165\u94f6\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u94f6\u884c\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u501f\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u5b83\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u91d1\u94f6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u501f\u51fa\u6536\u636e\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6536\u636e
\n\u6839\u636e\u4e9a\u5f53-\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u300a\u56fd\u5bcc\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u4ea8\u5229-\u970d\u666e\u8d1f\u8d23\uff1a[96] \u5f53\u6536\u636e\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u9700\u8981\u94b1\u5e01\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fa\u552e\u4ed6\u7684\u6536\u636e\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5f53\u94f6\u884c\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u6301\u6709\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u9700\u8981\u91d1\u94f6\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e00\u5f20\u6536\u636e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6536\u636e\u548c\u4fe1\u8d37\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u4e70\u5356\u3002\u5f53\u6536\u636e\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u53d6\u51fa\u6536\u636e\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u91d1\u94f6\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u8d2d\u4e70\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u4fe1\u8d37\u624d\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002\u6536\u636e\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u8d2d\u4e70\u94f6\u884c\u8d27\u5e01\u65f6\uff0c\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u53d6\u51fa\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u91d1\u94f6\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91d1\u94f6\u7684\u94f8\u5e01\u4ef7\u683c\u6bd4\u94f6\u884c\u4ef7\u683c\u9ad85%\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a\u5176\u652f\u4ed8\u76845%\u7684\u5dee\u4ef7\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u5728\u8d2d\u4e70\u6536\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u53d6\u51fa\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u91d1\u94f6\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91d1\u94f6\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u94f8\u5e01\u4ef7\u683c\u9ad8\u51fa2%\u52303%\u3002\u6536\u636e\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u94f6\u884c\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u91d1\u94f6\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9664\u975e\u6709\u6536\u636e\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u94f6\u884c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u63d0\u6b3e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u94b1\u6bd4\u6240\u6709\u6536\u636e\u7684\u603b\u4ef7\u503c\u8fd8\u8981\u591a–\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e9b\u6536\u636e\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u8fc7\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u6216\u4fe1\u7528\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u7559\u5728\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u8d26\u7c3f\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u548c\u5e73\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u63d0\u53d6\u5b58\u6b3e\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d2d\u4e70\u6536\u636e\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u63d0\u6b3e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u59821672\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u5165\u4fb5\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u6216\u6536\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u9700\u6c42\u63a8\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u94f6\u884c\u8d39\u7528
\n\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u4e9a\u5f53-\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u300a\u56fd\u5bcc\u8bba\u300b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u6700\u521d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u94f6\u884c\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u5bf9\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b83\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u4fdd\u7ba1\u8d39\u5916\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u9996\u6b21\u5f00\u6237\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u652f\u4ed810\u4e2a\u8377\u5170\u76fe\u7684\u8d39\u7528\uff1b\u6bcf\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d26\u6237\u8981\u652f\u4ed83\u4e2a\u8377\u5170\u76fe\u7684 “stuivers”\u3002\u6bcf\u7b14\u4ea4\u6613\u652f\u4ed8\u4e24\u4e2astuivers\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u4e8e300\u76fe\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u5219\u652f\u4ed86\u4e2astuivers\uff0c\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u5c0f\u989d\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u5728\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u4e24\u6b21\u6ca1\u6709\u5e73\u8861\u4ed6\u7684\u8d26\u6237\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u6ca1\u6536\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u4e2a\u76fe\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8981\u6c42\u8f6c\u8d26\u7684\u91d1\u989d\u8d85\u8fc7\u5176\u8d26\u6237\u4e0a\u7684\u91d1\u989d\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u900f\u652f\u7684\u91d1\u989d\u652f\u4ed83%\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u901a\u8fc7\u51fa\u552e\u56e0\u6536\u636e\u5230\u671f\u800c\u843d\u5165\u5b83\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u786c\u5e01\u548c\u91d1\u94f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee55%\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u7387\u51fa\u552e\u94f6\u884c\u8d27\u5e01\u548c\u4ee54%\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u7387\u4e70\u5165\u94f6\u884c\u8d27\u5e01\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6536\u5165\u6765\u6e90\u8db3\u4ee5\u652f\u4ed8\u94f6\u884c\u804c\u5458\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\uff0c\u5e76\u652f\u4ed8\u7ba1\u7406\u8d39\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d26\u7c3f
\n\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39Wisselbank\u7684\u6863\u6848\u662f\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u91cf\u5546\u4eba\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u7684\u53ef\u6bd4\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6863\u6848\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 [97] \u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u5f80\u6765\u8d26\u6237\u88ab\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u8d26\u7c3f\u4e2d\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5546\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u9875\u6216\u591a\u9875\uff0c\u5c0f\u5546\u4eba\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u9875\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8d26\u9875\u4f1a\u4fdd\u5b58\u6570\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u6309\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u7684\u5546\u6237\u53ca\u5176\u5f80\u6765\u8d26\u9875\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7d22\u5f15\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002\u5728\u8d26\u7c3f\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u8bb0\u5165\u548c\u8bb0\u51fa\u7684\u91d1\u989d\u3002\u5165\u8d26\u548c\u51fa\u8d26\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u7528\u786c\u5e01\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u6c47\u7968\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5728\u516c\u8bc1\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6863\u6848\u4e5f\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u6863\u6848\u9986\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u6c47\u7968\u6613\u624b\uff0c\u652f\u4ed8\u6216\u4e0d\u652f\u4ed8\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4 “\u6c47\u7968\u6297\u8bae “\u548c “\u6697\u793a”\uff08\u8981\u6c42\u91c7\u53d6\u9884\u671f\u884c\u52a8\uff09[98] \u3002<\/p>\n
\u5931\u8d25
\n\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u7531\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u5173\u5b98\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u4e8b\u52a1\u4fdd\u5bc6\u3002\u5b83\u8d77\u521d\u53ea\u5728\u5b58\u6b3e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u50a8\u6237\u900f\u652f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8d26\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u82cf\u91cc\u5357\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\uff09\u501f\u51fa\u5927\u7b14\u8d44\u91d1\u3002[99]\u8d77\u521d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u52301790\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u8d27\u5e01\u7684agio\u4ece\u9ad8\u5cf0\u65f6\u76846.25%\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u6ea2\u4ef7\u4e0b\u964d\u52302%\u7684\u6298\u6263\uff0c\u5230\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5ba3\u5e03\u81ea\u5df1\u7834\u4ea7\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee510%\u7684\u6298\u6263\u5411\u50a8\u6237\u51fa\u552e\u767d\u94f6\u3002\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u57281791\u5e74\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u76f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002[100][j]\u57281792\u5e74\u81f31794\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u6ca1\u6709\u76c8\u5229\u3002[101]1794\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4ea4\u6218\u7684\u6492\u4e01\u5c9b\u7684\u7ef4\u514b\u6258-\u963f\u9a6c\u5fb7\u4e4c\u65af\u4e09\u4e16\u501f\u4e86100\u591a\u4e07\u76fe\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u88c5\u6709\u73e0\u5b9d\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u88ab\u653e\u5728Wisselbank\u91cc\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b58\u6b3e\u30021795\u5e741\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ef4\u4e9a\u9769\u547d\u671f\u95f4\uff0cWisselbank\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u88ab\u9501\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b9d\u85cf\u88ab\u5c01\u5b58\uff1b\u5728\u4e24\u5468\u5185\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u8981\u6c42\u5f97\u5230\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8428\u4e01\u5c3c\u4e9a\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u73e0\u5b9d\u3002Wisselbank\u62d2\u7edd\u63d0\u53ca1670\u5e7412\u670816\u65e5\u7684\u7ae0\u7a0b\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5b83\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u5411\u5916\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u8d37\uff0c\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u902e\u6355……\u7b49\u7b49\u3002[102][103]\u7279\u522b\u662f\u57281795\u5e743\u6708\u516c\u5e03\u4e86\u5916\u6c47\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u652f\u4ed8\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u5b83\u516c\u5e03\u4e86Wisselbank\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u8d1f\u503a\u8868\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8be5\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u4fdd\u5bc6\u4e49\u52a1\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u6253\u7834\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u9a9a\u52a8\u3002\u5bf9\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u968f\u4e4b\u964d\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u3002\u53d1\u653e\u4e86\u4e00\u7b14\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b79\u96c6\u8d44\u672c\u6765\u62ef\u6551Wisselbank\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u4f46\u62a5\u540d\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u4eba\u592a\u5c11\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u60f3\u51fa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u524d\u6444\u653f\u8005\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u8d37\u6b3e\u8d1f\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u524d\u6267\u653f\u8005–\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba–\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53e3\u888b\u91cc\u89e3\u51b3\u8d64\u5b57\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b98\u65b9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u3002\u6267\u653f\u8005\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8f7b\u7387\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u3002\u8d37\u6b3e\u7ed9VOC\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u8d23\u4efb\u5fc5\u987b\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u51e0\u4ee3\u4eba\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ed9\u4e88\u5f3a\u5236\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u7531\u8be5\u5e02\u6700\u5bcc\u6709\u768455\u540d\u5c45\u6c11\u652f\u4ed8\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6fc0\u70c8\u5730\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u652f\u4ed8\u3002\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7b79\u96c6\u5230\u4e86\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u5e76\u5f88\u5feb\u7528\u4e8e\u507f\u8fd8\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002\u800c\u57281802\u5e74\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u94b1\u53c8\u88ab’metalique speti\u00ebn’\u5b8c\u5168\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\uff0c\u4ece\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u8d77\uff0c\u4e13\u5458\u4eec\u88ab\u660e\u786e\u7981\u6b62\u5411’\u4efb\u4f55\u79c1\u4eba\u3001\u516c\u53f8\u6216\u7ec4\u6210\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u540d\u79f0\u5982\u4f55’\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u8d37\u3002<\/p>\n
1811\u5e74\u7684\u7687\u5bab\u4e0e1808\u5e74Wisselbank\u7684\u65b0\u5165\u53e3\u3002\u7ed8\u56fe\uff1aF.A. Milatz
\n1808\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u8def\u6613-\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u5e02\u653f\u5385\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u5bab\u6bbf\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5165\u53e3\u88ab\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u88ab\u5206\u5f00\u3002[106]\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u90e8\u6709\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u7687\u5bab\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u5947\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6d41\u4ea1\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u51e0\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u719f\u6089\u4e86\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u592e\u4fe1\u8d37\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u53d1\u884c\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u5a92\u4ecb–\u5373\u7eb8\u5e01\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u94f6\u884c\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u3002\u5728\u8377\u5170\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u673a\u6784\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7684\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u5438\u5f15\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4ecd\u7136\u53ea\u80fd\u6c42\u52a9\u4e8e\u79c1\u4eba\u3002\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u5f88\u5c11\u3002[105] 1814\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0cWisselbank\u642c\u5230\u4e86Oude Turfmarkt\uff0c\u4f46\u4e13\u5458\u4eec\u548c\u6863\u6848\u5ba4\u5374\u7559\u5728\u4e86\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u5e02\u653f\u5385\u3002<\/p>\n
\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002[109] \u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6Steve Quinn\uff08\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u548cWill Roberds\uff08\u4e9a\u7279\u5170\u5927\u8054\u90a6\u50a8\u5907\u94f6\u884c\uff09\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u4e09\u4e2a\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u4ece\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6559\u8bad\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u72b6\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a8\u884c\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5bf9\u8d28\u91cf\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u503a\u52a1\u4eba\uff08\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff1a\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u9ad8\u989d\u503a\u6743\u3002
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u662f\uff0c\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u957f\u671f\u8ba9\u94f6\u884c\u72ec\u81ea\u627f\u62c5\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u5206\u914d\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u7559\u5728\u94f6\u884c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u50a8\u5907\u91d1\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\u671f\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u3002
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u57281791\u5e74\u548c1792\u5e74\u5bf9\u94f6\u884c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u91cd\u7ec4\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5f53\u94f6\u884c\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u8d44\u672c\u91cd\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u518d\u6b21\u5931\u53bb\u5bf9\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u50a8\u84c4\u3002
\n\u59d4\u5458\u4eec
\n\u743c-\u8292\u7279\uff081611-1685\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u671f28\u5e74
\n\u963f\u5fb7\u91cc\u5b89-\u8303-\u5362\u6069\uff081631-1722\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u671f22\u5e74
\nHarman van Ghesel (1701-1787)\uff0c\u4efb\u804c45\u5e74[110] \u3002
\n\u5907\u6ce8
\n1635\u5e7411\u670827\u65e5\uff0cHans van Hogendorp\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39Wisselbank\u7684\u5316\u9a8c\u5458\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5df2\u6545\u7684Meynert Caspers\u7684\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u57c3\u59c6\u767b\u7684\u94f8\u5e01\u5e08\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4ec6\u4eba\u662fSiewert Jansz.\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u63a5\u66ff\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3aWisselbank\u7684\u5316\u9a8c\u5458\u3002
\n\u76ae\u7279-\u7279\u91cc\u666e\uff081724-1786\uff0918\u5c81\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u7c3f\u8bb0\u5458\uff0c21\u5c81\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u6c47\u5151\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u7c3f\u8bb0\u5458\uff1b\u4ece1764\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u4ed6\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86VOC\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u3002
\n1640\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u767d\u94f6\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\uff1b\u5728\u65e7\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff0c\u7f3a\u5c11\u786c\u5e01\u3002\u6d41\u5165\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u767d\u94f6\u67af\u7aed\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u94f8\u5e01\u5382\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u53d8\u5f97\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5f80\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u66f4\u52a0\u6e34\u6c42\u767d\u94f6\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u9650\u5236\u5411\u6ce2\u65af\u51fa\u53e3\u786c\u5e01\uff1b\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u94f8\u5e01\u5382\u5173\u95ed\u3002
\nMees\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa1609\u5e74\u81f31796\u5e74\u95f4\u8be5\u5e02\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u6765\u6e90\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u603b\u6536\u5165\u4e3a12,256,000\u76fe\u3002[29] Rapport van de committ\u00e9s van koophandel en zeevaart, en van financi\u00ebn, … betreffende stads wisselbank\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e3a1300\u4e07\u76fe\u3002
\n\u4ece1652\u5e74\u52301658\u5e74\uff0c\u6770\u62c9\u5fb7-\u96f7\u6069\u65af\u7279\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u8377\u5c5e\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u603b\u7763\uff09\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u6770\u91cc\u7279-\u96f7\u6069\u65af\u7279\u662f\u4e13\u5458\u3002\u4ea8\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b-\u96f7\u6069\u65af\u7279\u57281633-1648\u5e74\u95f4\u62c5\u4efb\u4e13\u5458
\n1682\u5e74\uff0cVOC\u7684\u4e09\u4f4d\u7ecf\u7406\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u987e\u95ee\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5185\u65af-\u8d6b\u5fb7\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u8499\u7279\u548c\u626c-\u5fb7-\u5f17\u91cc\u65af[38] \u3002
\n1715\u5e74\uff0cWisselbank\u7684Pels & Sons\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8425\u4e1a\u989d\u4e3a2100\u4e07\uff1b1725\u5e74\u4e3a2600\u4e07\uff1b1736\u5e74\u4e3a2000\u4e07\uff1b1746\u5e74\u4e3a2000\u4e07\uff1b1755\u5e74\u4e3a2000\u4e07\uff0c1765\u5e74\u4e3a1800\u4e07\u3002
\n\u5728\u635f\u76ca\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d
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\n1782\u5e74\uff0cVOC\u7684\u503a\u52a1\u4e3a2000\u4e07\uff0c1792\u5e74\u589e\u957f\u52301\u4ebf\u53e4\u5c14\u767b\u3002<\/p>\n