{"id":12542,"date":"2026-02-04T03:56:05","date_gmt":"2026-02-04T01:56:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/?p=12542"},"modified":"2026-02-04T03:56:05","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T01:56:05","slug":"baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/","title":{"rendered":"Baruch Spinoza"},"content":{"rendered":"
Baruch Spinoza<\/strong>\u00a0(Latince\u00a0Benedictus de Spinoza<\/strong>; Portekizce\u00a0Bento de Espinosa<\/strong>\u00a0ya da\u00a0d\u2019Espinosa<\/strong>; Amsterdam, 24 Kas\u0131m 1632 \u2013 Lahey, 21 \u015eubat 1677), XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Hollandal\u0131 bir filozoftur. Erken ya da radikal\u00a0Ayd\u0131nlanma<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir ve \u00f6zellikle rasyonalist gelenek i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.[<\/span>2]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n
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Spinoza, Amsterdam\u2019daki Sefarad k\u00f6kenli Yahudi cemaatinde yeti\u015fmi\u015f, gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta bu cemaatten d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde inziva i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Rijnsburg, Voorburg ve Lahey\u2019de ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda ba\u015fl\u0131ca eserlerini kaleme alm\u0131\u015f; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yay\u0131mlarken temkinli davranm\u0131\u015f ve kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmalardan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca uzak durmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
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Ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca dinsel ve siyasal otoriteler taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirilen Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 eserleri yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri uzun s\u00fcre tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmu\u015ftur. Buna ra\u011fmen, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yay\u0131mlanan yap\u0131tlar\u0131yla XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinin en etkili fig\u00fcrlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
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Ya\u015fam\u0131<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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K\u00f6keni ve ailesi<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n ailesi, Portekizce kaynaklarda d\u2019Espinosa ya da de Espinosa olarak an\u0131lan Sefarad k\u00f6kenli bir aileydi. Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re ailenin k\u00f6keni, \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n Burgos b\u00f6lgesindeki Espinosa de los Monteros kasabas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7meyi reddeden Yahudilerin \u0130spanya\u2019dan s\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan, Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n atalar\u0131ndan biri \u0130spanya-Portekiz s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki Vidigere\u2019de ticari faaliyetlere ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
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Portekiz\u2019in 1580\u2019de \u0130spanyol Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011flanmas\u0131ndan sonra aile, daha ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir ortam sundu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Fransa\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckbabalar\u0131ndan Isaac, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1592 y\u0131l\u0131nda Protestan Nantes kentinde bir ticaret i\u015fletmesi kurdu. IV. Henri\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra Fransa\u2019daki Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131lar\u0131n artmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, ailenin 1620\u2019den sonra Rotterdam\u2019a ge\u00e7ti\u011fi kabul edilmektedir. Isaac, \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ticari ambargoyu a\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in Nantes\u2019taki ticari ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/div>\n
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Ailenin XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Hollanda Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne yerle\u015fmesiyle birlikte Spinoza, Amsterdam\u2019daki Sefarad cemaatinin i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/div>\n
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Amsterdam y\u0131llar\u0131 ve cemaatten kopu\u015f<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

Arka plandaki evlerden birinde Spinoza ailesi ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nooms, Reinier (1623-1664)<\/p>\n

1631 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abraham Spinoza \u2014Manuel Rodrigues ad\u0131yla da bilinir\u2014 Amsterdam\u2019\u0131n varl\u0131kl\u0131 Sefarad t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yordu. Sefarad tacirler aras\u0131nda, ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 dinsel kimliklerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yayg\u0131n bir uygulamayd\u0131. 1636\u2019da Baruch\u2019un babas\u0131 Michael Spinoza, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir t\u00fcccar olarak kaydedildi; ayn\u0131 zamanda cemaatin y\u00f6neticileri olan parnassim aras\u0131na se\u00e7ildi.<\/div>\n
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Baruch Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n annesi Kas\u0131m 1638\u2019de hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Mart 1654\u2019te ise babas\u0131 Michael Spinoza \u00f6ld\u00fc ve Beth Haim mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na defnedildi. Baruch, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi Gabriel ile birlikte babas\u0131n\u0131n \u015farap, zeytinya\u011f\u0131, incir ve badem ticaretini devrald\u0131. Ancak \u015firket k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ciddi mali sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. 1652\u2019de kiralan\u0131p donat\u0131lan bir gemi, Fas k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda Tetuan yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda al\u0131konuldu; May\u0131s 1653\u2019te korsanlar taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fmalanarak Sal\u00e9\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu olay, firman\u0131n cirosunun birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde keskin bi\u00e7imde d\u00fc\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/div>\n
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1654\u2019\u00fcn sonunda Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n Yahudi yoksullar\u0131 ve cemaat i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u015eirketin fiilen iflas edip etmedi\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r; ancak baz\u0131 alacakl\u0131lara \u00f6ncelik verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6nemde Amsterdam\u2019da veba salg\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Maddi imk\u00e2n\u0131 olanlar\u0131n \u015fehri ge\u00e7ici olarak terk etmesi yayg\u0131n bir uygulamayd\u0131. Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n da ilk biyografi yazar\u0131 Johann K\u00f6hler\u2019e (Colerus) g\u00f6re bir s\u00fcre Amsterdam\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmay\u0131 uygun buldu\u011fu aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/div>\n
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27 Temmuz 1656\u2019da Spinoza, Sefarad cemaatinden resmen d\u0131\u015fland\u0131 (cherem). Yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan bu aforoz metninde, ona \u201ckorkun\u00e7 sapk\u0131nl\u0131klar\u201d ve \u201cutan\u00e7 verici eylemler\u201d isnat edilmi\u015ftir. Bu karar, aile \u00fcyelerinin kendisiyle her t\u00fcrl\u00fc temas\u0131n\u0131 ve maddi deste\u011fini de yasakl\u0131yordu. Dikkat \u00e7ekici olan, bu d\u0131\u015flanman\u0131n Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n felsefi eserlerinin kamusal tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
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Rijnsburg, Voorburg ve Lahey (1656\u20131678)<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

Spinozamuseum, Rijnsburg Spinozamuseum, Den Haag<\/p>\n

Sefarad cemaatinden d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Spinoza, 1661 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amsterdam\u2019dan ayr\u0131larak Rijnsburg\u2019a yerle\u015fti. Burada daha teruggetrokken bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmeyi tercih etti ve Etika \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Rijnsburg y\u0131llar\u0131, onun en \u00fcretken d\u00f6nemlerinden biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. 1663\u2019te Etika\u2019n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri el yazmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde Amsterdam\u2019daki yak\u0131n \u00e7evresine ula\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Voorburg\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 burada s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/div>\n
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1664\u2019te Descartes Felsefesinin \u0130lkeleri (Principia philosophiae cartesianae) adl\u0131 eserini yay\u0131mlad\u0131; bu, ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kendi ad\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanan tek kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Spinoza\u2019ya y\u00f6neltilen ateizm su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131; kendisi bu nitelendirmeyi reddetse de, kamuoyundaki alg\u0131y\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015faramad\u0131.<\/div>\n
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1669\u20131671 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Lahey\u2019e yerle\u015fti. Burada kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Teolojik-Politik \u0130nceleme, 1670\u2019te isimsiz olarak yay\u0131mland\u0131 ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede geni\u015f tepkiler do\u011furdu. Eser \u00f6zellikle Kalvinist \u00e7evrelerde sert bi\u00e7imde ele\u015ftirildi; Spinoza bu nedenle daha ihtiyatl\u0131 ve geri planda bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmeyi tercih etti.<\/div>\n
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1672\u2019de, \u201cfelaket y\u0131l\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan d\u00f6nemde Johan de Witt ve karde\u015fi Cornelis\u2019in Lahey\u2019de lin\u00e7 edilmesi Spinoza\u2019y\u0131 derinden sarst\u0131. Olay\u0131n ard\u0131ndan tepkisini dile getiren bir bildiri kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak bunu yay\u0131mlamaktan vazge\u00e7ti\u011fi aktar\u0131l\u0131r. 1674\u2019te Teolojik-Politik \u0130nceleme Hollanda\u2019da resmen yasakland\u0131.<\/div>\n
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Spinoza Etika\u2019y\u0131 1675\u2019te tamamlad\u0131, ancak ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131na izin vermedi. 21 \u015eubat 1677\u2019de Lahey\u2019de hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Ard\u0131ndan, dostlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan eserleri Opera Posthuma ad\u0131yla yay\u0131mland\u0131 ve bu yay\u0131n, onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel miras\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa \u00e7ap\u0131nda tan\u0131nmas\u0131nda belirleyici oldu.<\/div>\n
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Baruch Spinoza\u00a0(Latince\u00a0Benedictus de Spinoza; Portekizce\u00a0Bento de Espinosa\u00a0ya da\u00a0d\u2019Espinosa; Amsterdam, 24 Kas\u0131m 1632 \u2013 Lahey, 21 \u015eubat 1677), XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Hollandal\u0131 bir filozoftur. Erken ya da radikal\u00a0Ayd\u0131nlanma\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir ve \u00f6zellikle rasyonalist gelenek i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.[2] Spinoza, Amsterdam\u2019daki Sefarad k\u00f6kenli Yahudi cemaatinde yeti\u015fmi\u015f, gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta bu cemaatten d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131n … Lees verder Baruch Spinoza<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

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Of some canal houses much is known, but in general I collect relevant information in tax books, stored in the Amsterdam city archive, in the literature or on internet. \u201c According to Zhuang zi, a Tao philosopher life is limited and knowledge to be gained is unlimited.' 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Erken ya da radikal\u00a0Ayd\u0131nlanma\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir ve \u00f6zellikle rasyonalist gelenek i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.[2] Spinoza, Amsterdam\u2019daki Sefarad k\u00f6kenli Yahudi cemaatinde yeti\u015fmi\u015f, gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta bu cemaatten d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131n … Lees verder Baruch Spinoza →","og_url":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/","og_site_name":"Taco Tichelaar","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/taco.tichelaar","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/taco.tichelaar","article_published_time":"2026-02-04T01:56:05+00:00","author":"admin","twitter_misc":{"Geschreven door":"admin","Geschatte leestijd":"4 minuten"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/#\/schema\/person\/9507958c5bf79d94fffc2702606bc3a6"},"headline":"Baruch Spinoza","datePublished":"2026-02-04T01:56:05+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/"},"wordCount":1048,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/#\/schema\/person\/9507958c5bf79d94fffc2702606bc3a6"},"articleSection":["schilders, schilderijen en verzamelaars"],"inLanguage":"nl-NL"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/","url":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/","name":"Baruch Spinoza - Taco Tichelaar","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-02-04T01:56:05+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"nl-NL","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/baruch-spinoza-turkce-dilinde\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Baruch Spinoza"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/#website","url":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/","name":"Taco Tichelaar","description":"geschiedenis, huisonderzoek","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/#\/schema\/person\/9507958c5bf79d94fffc2702606bc3a6"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"nl-NL"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/tacotichelaar.nl\/wordpress\/#\/schema\/person\/9507958c5bf79d94fffc2702606bc3a6","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"nl-NL","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a49b40cf75021306b5946fce4549f64c43bfe4038dec77cf518111eb1b9e3f77?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a49b40cf75021306b5946fce4549f64c43bfe4038dec77cf518111eb1b9e3f77?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a49b40cf75021306b5946fce4549f64c43bfe4038dec77cf518111eb1b9e3f77?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","caption":"admin"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a49b40cf75021306b5946fce4549f64c43bfe4038dec77cf518111eb1b9e3f77?s=96&d=identicon&r=g"},"description":"My hobby is house and occupant research of canal houses in Amsterdam. Of some canal houses much is known, but in general I collect relevant information in tax books, stored in the Amsterdam city archive, in the literature or on internet. \u201c According to Zhuang zi, a Tao philosopher life is limited and knowledge to be gained is unlimited.' 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